Paper 15 Cinema (Assignment)

Name:- Sejal R Parmar

Course:- MA

Sem:- 4

Batch:-  2019/2020

Enrollment no:- 2969108420190033

Paper:- 15 Mass Communication and Media Studies

Topic:- Cinema

Submitted to:- smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English

Email:- sejalparmar095@gmail.com

Dadasaheb Phalke

DhundirajGovindPhalke,tpopularlytknowntastDadasahebPhalke,twastantIndiantproducer-director-screenwriter,tknowntastthetFathertoftIndiantcinema.tHistdebuttfilm,tRajatHarishchandra,twastthetfirsttIndiantmovietint1913,tandtistnowtknowntastIndia'stfirsttfull-lengthtfeaturetfilm.

WhattistCinema

Atmoviettheater,tcinema,tortcinemathall,talsotknowntastatpicturethouse,tthetpictures,tortthetmovies,tistatbuildingtthattcontainstauditoriatfortviewingtfilmstfortentertainment.tMost,tbuttnottall,ttheaterstaretcommercialtoperationstcateringttotthetgeneraltpublic,twhotattendtbytpurchasingtatticket.

Sometmoviettheaters,thowever,taretoperatedtbytnon-profittorganizationstortsocietiestthattchargetmemberstatmembershiptfeettotviewtfilms.

Thetfilmtistprojectedtwithtatmovietprojectortontotatlargetprojectiontscreentattthetfronttoftthetauditoriumtwhiletthetdialogue,tsoundstandtmusictaretplayedtthroughtatnumbertoftwall-mountedtspeakers.tSincetthet1970s,tsubwoofersthavetbeentusedtfortlow-pitchedtsounds.tIntthet2010s,tmosttmoviettheaterstaretequippedtfortdigitaltcinematprojection,tremovingtthetneedttotcreatetandttransporttatphysicaltfilmtprinttontatheavytreel.

Atgreattvarietytoftfilmstaretshowntattcinemas,trangingtfromtanimatedtfilmsttotblockbustersttotdocumentaries.tThetsmallesttmoviettheatersthavetatsingletviewingtroomtwithtatsingletscreen.tIntthet2010s,tmosttmoviettheatersthadtmultipletscreens.tThetlargestttheatertcomplexes,twhichtaretcalledtmultiplexes—atconcepttdevelopedtintCanadatintthet1950st—thavetupttotthirtytscreens.tThetaudiencetmemberstoftentsittontpaddedtseats,twhichtintmostttheaterstaretsettontatslopedtfloor,twithtthethighesttparttattthetreartoftthettheater.tMoviettheaterstoftentselltsofttdrinks,tpopcorn,tandtcandy,tandtsomettheaterstsellthottfasttfood.tIntsometjurisdictions,tmoviettheaterstcantbetlicensedttotselltalcoholictdrinks.

Firsttsilenttmovie:-

ThististthetlisttoftfilmstproducedtintthetMarathitlanguagetintIndia.tThetMarathitfilmtindustrytistthetoldesttoftalltIndiantfilmtindustries.tRajatHarishchandra,tthetfirsttsilenttfilmtoftIndiatwastdirectedtbytDadasahebPhalketwithtthethelptoftalltMarathi-crew.tAyodhyechatRajatwastthetfirstttalkietMarathitfilmtthattreleasedtint1932.

FollowingtIndia'stindependence,tthetperiodtfromtthetlatet1940sttotthet1960staretregardedtbytfilmthistorianstastthet'GoldentAge'toftIndiancinema.tSometoftthetmosttcriticallytacclaimedtIndianfilmstoftallttimetweretproducedtduringtthisperiod.

thescreeningtoftthetLumièretmovingtpicturestintLondont(1895)tcinemabecameasensationacrossEuropetandtbytJulyt1896tthetLumièretfilmsthadtbeentintshowtintBombayt(nowtMumbai).tThetfirsttshorttfilmstintIndiatweretdirectedtbytHiralaltSen,tstartingtwithtThetFlowertoftPersiat(1898).

Patilcommission.tS.K.tPatil,theadofthecommission,tviewedcinemainIndiaasa'combinationofart,tindustry'andshowmanshiptwhiletnotingtitstcommercialtvalue.tPatiltfurthertrecommendedtsettingtuptoftatfilmtFinancetCorporationtundertthetMinistrytoftFinance.

HWhicharetthetmajortinfluencestoftIndiantCinema?t

1.    AncienttIndiatepicst

2.    AncienttSanskrittDrama

3.    TraditionaltfolkttheatretintIndiat

4.    Parsittheatret

5.    Hollywood

t

Bollywood:-

Hinditcinema,toftentknowntastBollywoodtandtformerlytastBombaytcinema,tistthetIndiantHindi-languagetfilmtindustrytbasedtintMumbaitThettermtistatportmanteautoft"Bombay"tandt"Hollywood".

GujaratitCinema:-

Gujaraticinema:tThefilmindustryofGujaratstarteditsjourneyint1932.tSincetthentGujaratifilmstimmenselytcontributedttotIndiantcinema.tGujaraticinemathastgainedtpopularitytamongtthetregionaltfilmindustryintIndia.tGujaraticinematistalwaystbasedtontscriptstfromtmythologyttothistorytandtsocialttotpolitical.

Thetreleasetoftthetfirsttfull-lengthtGujaratittalkie,tNarsinhtMehtatont9tAprilt1932tmarkstthettruetbeginningtoftGujaraticinema.tIttwastdirectedbyNanubhaiVakil,tproducedtbytSagarMovietone,tandtstarredtMohanlala,tMarutirao,tMastertManhar,tandtMisstMehtab.

BengalitCinemat(Tollywood)

Bengalicinemadatesbacktothe1890swhenthefirsttbioscopestwereshowntintthettheatrestoftCalcutta.tSoontaftertthetfirsttbioscopetcompanytwastsettuptbytHiralaltSentfollowedtbytDhirendraNathGanguly'stIndo-BritishtFilmtCompasnyt(IBFC)tthetfirstBengali-ownedtproductiontcompany,tint1918.

Whytistittcalledtatcinema?

CinematistfromtthetFrenchtcinématographetwhichtcomestintparttfromtthetgreekkinema,tmeaningtmovement.tSotcinematistreallytjusttanothertwordtmeaningtmovingtpicture.tIttalsothastcomettotmeantmoretgenerallytthetprocesstoftfilm-makingtandtalsotthetbuildingtwheretfilmstaretshown.

SilenttFilm

t

Thetnexttsignificanttstepttowardstmoviestwastthetdevelopmenttoftantunderstandingtoftimagetmovement.tSimulationstoftmovementtdatetastfartbacktasttot1828,twhentPaultRogettdiscoveredtthetphenomenonthetcalledt"persistencetoftvision".tRogettshowedtthattwhentatseriestoftstilltimagestaretshowntrapidlytintfronttoftatviewer'steye,tthetimagestmergetintotonetregisteredtimagetthattappearsttotshowtmovement,tantopticaltillusion,tsincetthetimagetistnottactuallytmoving.tThistexperiencetwastfurthertdemonstratedtthroughtRoget'stintroductiontoftthetthaumatrope,tatdevicetwhichtspuntatdisktwithtantimagetontitstsurfacetattatfairlythightratetoftspeed.tThetFrenchtLumièretbrothers't(LouistandtAugustetLumière)tfirsttfilm,tSortietdetl'usinetLumièretdetLyon,tshottint1894,tistconsideredtthetfirstttruetmotiontpicturetThistwastfollowedtbyttheirt1895tfilmtL'Arrivéetd'unttraintengaretdetLatCiotat.tThetfirsttcommercialtfilmtscreeningttooktplacetintParistont28tDecembert1895,tatsettoft10tshorttfilms,tfollowedtbytatscreeningtoftL'Arrivéetd'unttraintengaretdetLatCiotattintJanuaryt1896tintatnumbertoftlocationstincludingtLatCiotattitself.

ClaimantstfortthettitletoftthetearliesttmoviettheatretincludetthetEdentTheatretintLatCiotat,twheretL'Arrivéetd'unttraintengaretdetLatCiotattwastscreenedtont21tMarcht1899tThettheatretclosedtint1995tbuttre-openedtint2013tPriorttotthetre-opening,tanothertclaimanttwastthetL'IdéalCinématJacquestTatitwhichtshowedtitstfirsttfilmtont23tNovembert1905,tandtclosedtint1977.tIttre-openedtint1995.tThetKorsørtBiografTeater,tDenmark,topenedtintAugustt1908tandtistthetoldesttmoviettheatertstilltintcontinuoustoperation.

Fromt1894ttotthetlatet1920s,tmoviettheaterstshowedtsilenttfilms,twhichtweretfilmstwithtnotsynchronizedtrecordedtsoundtortdialogue.tIntsilenttfilmstfortentertainment,tthetdialoguetwasttransmittedtthroughtmutedtgestures,tmimetandttitletcards,twhichtcontainedtatwrittentindicationtoftthetplottortkeytdialogue.tThetideatoftcombiningtmotiontpicturestwithtrecordedtsoundtistnearlytastoldtastfilmtitself,tbuttbecausetoftthettechnicaltchallengestinvolved,tsynchronizedtdialoguetwastonlytmadetpracticaltintthetlatet1920stwithtthetperfectiontoftthetAudiontamplifierttubetandtthetintroductiontoftthetVitaphonetsystem.tDuringtsilenttfilms,tatpianist,tTheatertorganist,tortintlargetcities,teventatsmalltorchestratwouldtoftentplaytmusicttotaccompanytthetfilms.tPianiststandtorganiststwouldteithertplaytfromtsheettmusictortimprovise;tantorchestratwouldtplaytfromtsheettmusic.

Talkies

At"talkie"tortsoundtfilmtistatmotiontpicturetwithtsynchronizedtsound,tortsoundttechnologicallytcoupledttotimage,tastopposedttotatsilenttfilm.tThetfirsttknowntpublictexhibitiontoftprojectedtsoundtfilmsttooktplacetintParistint1900,tbuttdecadestpassedtbeforetsoundtmotiontpicturestweretmadetcommerciallytpractical.tReliabletsynchronizationtwastdifficultttotachievetwithtthetearlytsound-on-disctsystems,tandtamplificationtandtrecordingtqualitytweretalsotinadequate.tInnovationstintsound-on-filmtledttotthetfirsttcommercialtscreeningtoftshorttmotiontpicturestusingtthettechnology,twhichttooktplacetint1923.tThetprimarytstepstintthetcommercializationtoftsoundtcinematwerettakentintthetmid-ttotlatet1920s.tAttfirst,tthetsoundtfilmstincorporatingtsynchronizedtdialogue—knowntast"talkingtpictures",tort"talkies"—weretexclusivelytshorts;tthetearliesttfeature-lengthtmoviestwithtrecordedtsoundtincludedtonlytmusictandteffects.tThetfirsttfeaturetfilmtoriginallytpresentedtastattalkietwastThetJazztSinger,treleasedtintOctobert1927.tAtmajorthit,tittwastmadetwithtVitaphone,twhichtwastattthettimetthetleadingtbrandtoftsound-on-discttechnology.tSound-on-film,thowever,twouldtsoontbecometthetstandardtforttalkingtpictures.tBytthetearlyt1930s,tthettalkiestweretatglobaltphenomenon.tIntthetUnitedtStates,ttheythelpedtsecuretHollywood'stpositiontastonetoftthetworld'stmosttpowerfultcultural/commercialtsystemst(seetCinematoftthetUnitedtStates).tIntEuropet(and,ttotatlessertdegree,telsewhere),tthetnewtdevelopmenttwasttreatedtwithtsuspiciontbytmanytfilmmakerstandtcritics,twhotworriedtthattatfocustontdialoguetwouldtsubverttthetuniquetaesthetictvirtuestoftsoundlesstcinema.tIntJapan,tPhilippines,twheretthetpopulartfilmttraditiontintegratedtsilenttmovietandtlivetvocaltperformance,ttalkingtpicturestweretslowttottaketroot.tIntIndia,tsoundtwastthettransformativetelementtthattledttotthetrapidtexpansiontoftthetnation'stfilmtindustryalsotknowntastatpicturethouse,tthetpictures,tortthetmovies,tistatbuildingtthattcontainstauditoriatfortviewingtfilmstfortentertainment.tMost,tbuttnottall,ttheaterstaretcommercialtoperationstcateringttotthetgeneraltpublic,twhotattendtbytpurchasingtatticket.tSometmoviettheaters,thowever,taretoperatedtbytnon-profittorganizationstortsocietiestthattchargetmemberstatmembershiptfeettotviewtfilms.

Thetfilmtistprojectedtwithtatmovietprojectortontotatlargetprojectiontscreentattthetfronttoftthetauditoriumtwhiletthetdialogue,tsoundstandtmusictaretplayedtthroughtatnumbertoftwall-mountedtspe

Moviettheater:-

Atmoviettheatertcinematortcinemathallt

akers.tSincetthet1970s,tsubwoofersthavetbeentusedtfortlow-pitchedtsounds.tIntthet2010s,tmosttmoviettheaterstaretequippedtfortdigitaltcinematprojection,tremovingtthetneedttotcreatetandttransporttatphysicaltfilmtprinttontatheavytreel.

Atgreattvarietytoftfilmstaretshowntattcinemas,trangingtfromtanimatedtfilmsttotblockbustersttotdocumentaries.tThetsmallesttmoviettheatersthavetatsingletviewingtroomtwithtatsingletscreen.tIntthet2010s,tmosttmoviettheatersthadtmultipletscreens.tThetlargestttheatertcomplexes,twhichtaretcalledtmultiplexes—atconcepttdevelopedtintCanadatintthet1950st—thavetupttotthirtytscreens.tThetaudiencetmemberstoftentsittontpaddedtseats,twhichtintmostttheaterstaretsettontatslopedtfloor,twithtthethighesttparttattthetreartoftthettheater.tMoviettheaterstoftentselltsofttdrinks,tpopcorn,tandtcandy,tandtsomettheaterstsellthottfasttfood.tIntsometjurisdictions,tmoviettheaterstcantbetlicensedttotselltalcoholictdrinks.