Thinking Activity on Dryden essay of dramatic poesy

Thinking activity on Dryden's essay of dramatic poesy

     John Dryden was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who was made England's first Poet Laureate in 1668. He is seen as dominating the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden.

About his essay ' An Essay on Dramatic Poesy '

Criticism flourished in England during the restoration of Stuarts. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy deals with the views of major critics and the tastes of men and women of the time of Dryden. The work is in the form of semi-drama thus making abstract theories interesting. In the late 17th century, Shakespeare was severely criticised for his careless attitude towards the mixing of genres. It was Dryden who elevated Shakespeare to height for his natural genius.

The narrative of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy has four debaters among whom, Neander is the one who holds the views of Dryden. Unlike other characters, Neander does not diminish the arguments that are on contrary to his views. Though he himself favours modern drama, he does not blame others.

1) Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of play?

Yes, there is huge difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of play.

• Defination of Tragedy has given by Aristotle

"A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself; in appropriate and pleasurable language;..in dramatic rather than incidents arousing pity and fear, where with to accomplish a catharsis of these emotions"

•Defination of play has given by John Dryden

"Just and lively image of human nature representing its passions and humours,and the changes of fortune to which it is subject,for the delight and instruction of mankind"

Samuel Coleridge called Dryden father of criticism. In vidio we can find the major defference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of play, according to Aristotle tragedy is an imitation of an action while Dryden says that play is lively image of human nature.Aristotle says that  pity and fear are used in tragedy to purify the emotions of mankind whereas Dryden says that passions and humour are used to delight and instruct. Aristotle's definition ended with ''catharsis" while Dryden's definition  ended with "delight".

2) If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of the ancient and the modern? Please give reasons.

According to me both are equal valuable in literature. Because ancient is better in observation of nature and now a days modern is getting from new ideas and new way in literature. So I can't take side of any one.so I preferred both.

3) Do you think the arguments presented in favour of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate ?

French playwright follow the Ancient and favour the unity of time and obsedve it very carefully . In  terms of unity of place they are equally sincere. In most of their plays, the entire action is limited to one place. And unity of action is even more obvious ; plays are never congested with sub plots as is the case with English plays.  In English plays the character relates to life and therefore, it is proper and reasonable that it should be also in the drama, but in French plays such narrations are more skilled than the Ancients. Dryden portrays the comparative merits and demerits of each in a clearer way . In this essay, as Neander, Dryden favours the violation of those three unities because it leads to the variety in the English plays and these unities  have a narrowing and crumpling effects on the French plays, which are often betrayed into absurdities from which the English plays are free. The violation of unities helps the English playwright to present a livelier image of human nature . In his comparison of English and French drama, Neander characterizes the best proofs of the Elizabethan playwrights.

4) What would be hour preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogue are concerned in the play?

 I prefer poetic dialogue than prosaic in play. Poetic may be rhyme verse or Blank verse also.  Poetic dialogues are help for judgement . Rhyme effects on emotions and feelings . Interpretation of poemcan be different. People can read poem with different points of view and different style. Blank verse is poetic prose and it is only fit for comedy. It means we find poetic prose in comedy and use of poetic language audience must get entertainment . 

Thinking Activity on Aristotle

Thinking activity on Aristotle

1. First of all creative writing means when you see something like flowers and you create your imagination about that flowers at that time we can say that this is creative writing. One of the most popular type of creative writing is storytelling and as we know that there are many elements of creative writing like characters development , plot development, dialogue etc. The best creative writers are William Shakespeare, leo Tolstoy, Edgar Allen poe etc. Plato is also known as creative writer. Plato believed that " truth of philosophy was more important than the pleasure of poetry". And yes i am agree with Plato’s Objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by crietive writers. As we know that according to him all art are imitative. So i have one novel in TY BA, "hairy ape" by eugene o'neill. In the novel, o 'neill represents the reality of society and this novel is about the negative effects of industrialisation. So that we can say that o' neill is great creative writer.


2. As we know that aristotalian thought holds that poetry is an imitation of what is possible in real life and that tragedy, by imitation of a serious action cast in dramatic form. I have one play which is based on aristotalian literary tradition that is " All my sons". In the play journeys the key contact of Catharsis through the intricate character of joe keller. Our tragic hero and his hubris flaw. And also the concept of hamartia At the end of the act one becomes pivotal in the role of experiencing catharsis . In the last there is a phone call from George, anne's brother. Chris tell joe the news of his engagement to anne. But joe is preoccupied with the phone call. He is afraid , George will want to open up his father's case again.


3. In my BA program i have studied novel "kim" by Rudyard kipling. It is followe the aristotalian rules of tragedy in few thimgs like, according to Aristotle the hero of the tragedy have belong to the upper class, and good looking,but in "kim" the hero or protagonist kim belongs to lawer class. He is the orphaned son of an irish soldier


4. In my BA program i have studied "ghashiram kotwal" by vijay Tendulkar. It is indeed a great tragedy. Protagonist or the central character is ghashiram a poor brahmin from kanuaj who had come to pune for better life. But here he faces humiliations and the city was ruled by nana who was full of lust. In the play ghashiram uses his own daughter lalita gauri as a bait. From here he started his journey as a kotwal. He has hamartia like ambition of power, revenge It follows the rules of aristotalian tragedy and in this play we have tragic hero who is not thoroughly bad or fully good.

5. Yes.... The plot of those tragedies followe necessary rules and regulations proposed by Aristotle.

Wordsworth's preface to lyrical ballads

William Wordsworth

Preface to lyrical ballads by William Wordsworth, was published in 1798. The preface to the lyrical ballads in an essay, composed by William Wordsworth, for second edition of poetry collection lyrical ballads. And then greatly expanded in the third edition of 1802. It has come to be seen as a de fecto manifesto of the Romantic movement.

1).what is the basic difference between the poetic of ' classicism' and ' Romanticism' ?

  There are two ideologies. We can say that, Romanticism is feel they are free to express in simple manner. It means, it is not necessary to follow classical rules of writing. Classicism and Romanticism are artistic movements that have influenced the literature, visual arts ,music and architecture of the western world over many countries. In romanticism is celebrates strong emotions, not just feeling of love. Classicism followed rules whereas Romanticism were free rules.

2). Why does Wordsworth say 'what' is poet? Rather who is poet?

  A poet is man speaking to man, a man, it is true, endued with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness. Wordsworth has greater knowledge of human nature through the emotions like observation, heightened. He also uses platonic, more comprehensive soul.

3). What is poetry?

  Poetry is an art, Wordsworth's gives very famous definition "poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling, it takes its origins from emotions recollected in tranquility " a poet writes about his imagination, feeling, emotion of his life in poetry.

4). Discuss ' dafodils-1 ' wandered lonely as a cloud that with reference to Wordsworth's poetic creed.

  " I wandered lonely as acloud" known as a lyric poems, which is written by William Wordsworth. Wordsworth describes the beauty of the nature. Through the Daffodils flower poet shows his great happiness .

Semuel Coleridge

Samuel Coleridge

Samuel Coleridge was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic movement in English and a member of the lake poet's. He wrote the poems the Rime of the Ancient mariner and " kubla Khan", as well as the major prose work biographia literaria. His critical work, especially on William Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English- speaking culture. Coleridge coined many familiar words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He had a major influence on Ralph Waldo Emerson and on American transcendentalism.

1). Difference between poem and poetry

Poetry is a wider than poem. Poem is different than prose while poetrh could be a part of prose. Poem gives pleasure. Meter or rhyme or both is used in a poem. While poetry gives an aesthetic delight. We can say that it is an activity of poet's mind. Through poem, poet express their mind. Through poem, poet express their idea and feeling. So, it is merely a form of verbal expression of poet's mind.

2). Difference between poem and prose.

According to Coleridge poem contains the elements as a prose composition. Poem and prose both uses words. Poem also maybe in prosic composition but, it is not used in prose composition. Poem provides pleasure it means it's purpose is to provide pleasure to readers and listeners. Poem also becomes prose and prose also becomes poem. Language of poetry maybe metaphysical and due to this language poetry differs prose. In prose some specific meaning and we can't change it's meaning. I mean we can interpret meaning of poem with our pain of view or what we can understand from poem but ,it is not happen in prose. Language of prose maybe clear and so we can't change it's meaning. Prose used by literary writer and used by scientists is different. Language of poem we can change with our interpretation but, prose's language has only one meaning. 

Paper 4 Moorthy as a gandhi man in kanthapura (Presentation)

paper:4 from SejalParmar22

Paper 3 Catharsis (Presentation)

paper:3 from SejalParmar22

Paper 2 Robinson Crusoe's Journey (Presentation)

paper:2 from SejalParmar22

Paper 1 Hamlet comperison with haidar character (Presentation)

paper:1 from SejalParmar22

Paper 2 Tom Jones characters (Assignment)

NAME:- SEJAL R PARMAR
COURSE:- M.A SEM-1
BATCH:- 2018/20
ENROLLMENT NO:- 2069108420190033
EMAIL ID:- sejalparmar095@gmail.com
PAPER NO:- 2 NEO-CLASSICAL
TOPIC:- TOM JOHNS CHARACTER
GUIDED BY:- HEENABA ZALA

 HENRY FIELDING:- Henry fielding was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich , earthy humour and satirical prowess , and as the author of the picaresque novel tom jones. Additionally , he holds a significant place in the history of law enforcement , having used his authority as a magistrate to found what some have called London’s first police force , the bow street runners . his younger sister , sarah , also became a successful writer. He born at 8th October 1754 , Lisbon , Portugal.


CHARACTER LIST:-
TOM JONES:-  Tom jones , a “ bastard” raised by the philanthropic  allworthy , is the novel’s  eponymous hero and protagonist . although tom’s faults ( namely , his imprudence and his lack of chastity ) prevent him from being a perfect hero, his good heart and generosity make him fielding’s avatar of virtue , along with allworthy. Tom’s handsome face and gallantry win him the love and affection of woman throughout the countryside. His dignified ,though natural air induces character to assume that he is a gentleman – which ultimately turns out to be true.

SOPHIA WESTERN:- Sophia western is fieldind’s beautiful , generous  heroine and the daughter of violent squire western, like tom , sophiya lavishes hiht on the poor , and she treat people of all classes with such respect that one landlady cannot  believe she is a “ gentlewoman.” Sophia manages to reconcile her love for tom ,her filial duty to her  father , and her hatred for blifil through her courage and patience . Sophia’s nature courtesy can be contrasted with her aunt western’s artificial manners.

Mr. Allworthy :- Mr. Allworthy is just what is name implies – all worthy . allworthy has a reputation thruohout England  because of benevolent , altruistic behavior .moral yardstick of the novel , allworthy only faulty ( which ironically propels much of the plot ) is that – due to his goodness – he cannot perceive the evil in others .

MASTER BLIFIL :- Blifil is antagonist to tom jones and the son of bribget allworthy  and captain blifil . although he appears at first to be a virtuous character , his hypocrisy soon exposes itself – blifil pretends to be pious and principled , but greedgoverns him. The fact that blifil has few redeeming qualities make tom compassion for him at the end of novel – after the revelation that blifil kept the secret of tom’s birth to himself – even more commendable . blifil’s dearth of natural human appetiles – he at  first does not desire Sophia – does not distinguish him as a virtuous character , but rather provides a depressing picture of what humanity would be like if devoid of passion.

SQUIRE WESTERN :- squire western is a caricature of the rough – and – ready , conservative country gentleman. Affectionate at heart, the squire nevertheless acts with extreme violence towards his daughter Sophia, by constantly incarcerating  her, and even verbally and physically abusing her. However, since the squire is a caricature, fielding does not intend for us to judge these actions too harshly. Similarly , the squire’s insistence on Sophia marrying blifil  has less to do with greed that withhis stubbornness and adherence to tradition. Squire western’s speaks in west country dialect, and peppers his speech with curses.

MRs. WESTERN :- MRs. Western, the foil of her brother squire western, is a caricature of the artificial city lady who always acts out of expediency . mrs. Western prides herself on being adept at all intellectual pursuit – from politics to philosophy to feminism to amour – yet her ignorance reveals itselfon numerous occasions ( she thinks that Socrates lectured to students instead of engaging in conversation debate ). Mrs.western’s sole aim in the novel is to improve the western name by marrying off Sophia to the richest , most prosperous man she can find .

PARTRIDGE :- Partridge is the teacher whom allworthy  accuses of being tom’s father . he is a kind of comedic harlequin character ( fielding even compares him to harlequin ). allworthy pathetic , bumbling , and cowardly , partridge remains a loyal servant to jones and deserves his reward at the end of the novel. Partridge has a passion for speaking in Latin non sequiturs. Although partridge creates problems for tom and Sophia by boosting tom’s reputation and defiling sophia’s to all and sundry , tomcannot help forgiving partridge , who always has the best ofintentions.

JENNY JINES :- jenny jones ( mrs. Waters ) is the student of partridge whom allworthy banishes for being tom’s mother – at the end ofthenovel we learn that jenny is not tom’ smother. Jenny reappears as “mrs. Waters” at upton , where tom saves her from a robbery . although jenny does not possess the beauty of a sophia, her very white breasts attract tom to her. Although she protests to mr. allworthy at the end of the novel that she has leda virtuous life, her seduction of tom in upton suggests otherwise. She eventually marries parson supple a friend of western.

BRIDGET ALLWORTHY:-  Bridget allworthy is the mother of blifil and tom. An unattractive lady who resents beautiful women , bridget marries captain blifil because he flatters her religious views .
Although bridget’s affection wavers between blifil and tom  as the boys mature, she becomes devoted to tom before her death – largely due to his good looks and gallantry.

LADY BELLASTON:-  lady bellaston is a London lady , and relative of Sophia , whose passionate ,lusty personality  leads her to dabble in intrigues . the stem of her last name “ bella-“, meaning “ war” in Latin , points to her malicious nature – she thinks of no one but herself . lady bellaston carries out a vengeful battle against tom and Sophia with the utmost glee .

HARRIET FITZPATRICK:-  Harriet Fitzpatrick is sophia’s  cousin and the wife of Mr. Fitzpatrick . pretty and charming , she is nevertheless selfish and contrives against sophia in order to improve her relationship with squire western and mrs . western .

MR . FITZPATRICK :- mr. fitzpatrick is a rash Irishman whom harriet Fitzpatrick casts in the light of an ogre chasing her across the countryside . fitzptrick becomes admirable . however , when he admits to initiating the duel with tom at the end of the novel .

MR. DOWLING:- Mr. dowling is a shrewd , shifty lawyer who becomes a friend of blifil . always operating out of expediency , when dowling realizes that blifil willnot be able to reward him for his efforts , he defects to tom and allworthy’s side .

MRs. MILLER:- mrs .miller is a faithful friend to tom and the most caring and concerned of mothers to nancy and betty . feisty and active , mrs.miller carries through on her promises and becomes tom’s biggest advocate  to allworthy . she is trusting and loyal .

NIGHTINGALE:- nightingale , although a foppish city gentleman, possesses the laudable traits of loyalty and compassion – although not always in affairs of love . it takes a little time for tom to convince nightingale not to abandon nancy ,since nightingale is caught up in his image in london . to his credit, nightingale transforms and follows tom’s principles of honour – that is , fulfilling verbal commitments.

LORD FELLAMAR:- lord fellamar isa suitor of Sophia who , though he has a conscience , easily  allows himself to be manipulated by lady bellaston.

SQUARE:- square is a philosopher who lives with allworthy. He justifies his questionable behavior ( such as making love to mollyseagrim ) contorting his philosophical notices . square , although  a foil to thwackum , is less sinister than the latter . indeed ,square’s virtuous transformation at the end of the novel allows allworthy to forgive tom.
THWACKUM:- thwackum is the vicious tutor of blifil and tom who constantly beats tom and praises blifil . thwackum , who claims to value religion above all else , seeks only  his own good.

MOLLY SEAGRIM:- molly seagrim is the rugged, unfeminine daughter of black George who seduces tom . feisty and aggressive ,molly enjoys the company of men, and fights  fiercely for her rights.

BLACK GEORGE:- black George is the servant who is favored by tom . although of dubious moral tincture ( black George stealsand lies ) , black george’s loyalty to and love of tom nevertheless emerges.

NANCY MILLER:- nancy miler is the daughter of mrs. miller who becomes nughtingale’s wife.

NARRATOR:- The ironic , intrusive narrator can assumed to be fielding himself since he reflects on his process of creating tom jones.

Paper:1 The metaphysical poetry (Assignment)

NAME:- SEJAL R PARMAR
COURSE:- M.A SEM-1
BATCH :- 2018-20
ROLL NO:- 40
ENROLLMENT NO:- 2069108420190033
EMAIL ID:- sejalparmar095@gmail.com
PAPER NO:- 1 THE RENAISSANCE LITERATURE
TOPIC:- THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY
GUIDED BY:- DILIP BARAD

INTRODUCTION
THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY
      The metaphysical poetry occupies unique place in the history of English poetry. It is known as the school of john donne because he was the pioneer who established this new trend of writing poetry
    It was not john Donne who named it as “The metaphysical poetry”. This title was given to the poetry of Donne and his school by Dr. samuel Johnson. It was in the introduction to the life of Abraham Cowley – that he used the term “ the metaphysical poetry” to signify the poetry of donne and his followers when Samuel Johnson used this term. It was in negative sense but with the passing of time the same term became a term of appraisal far the poetry of donne and his followers.
Dr. Johnson mentions that a group of poets appeared at the  end of  17th century the poets of which made a conscious attempt to differ in their way of writing poetry from other poets so, basically  this term “metaphysical poetry” has been enolved  by samuel  Johnson to identify the poetry of “the school of donne”.

DEFINITION OF METAPHYSICAL POETRY:
Highly intellectualized poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity and subtlety of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.

JOHN DONNE
john donne was an English poet and cleric in the church of England. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poems, religious poems, latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. John donne was very sexually oriented. Even when he turned to religious  poetry, it was heavily  tinted with sexual metaphors. He had a one – track mind.

ELEGY X: THE DREAM
We should first understand ‘elegy’ knows as ‘elegy’ for ‘death’ written on the death of Adward king remember by that friend Lucidas – pastoral, elegy. Rural shephereds, landscape in this poem. The deal person a remembered his life is glorified and he is raised to the level of a here. There are many elegies in the English poetry the present elegy is in the remembered of a beloved and it is spoken by a lover the separation has already taken place at the beloved is deal but the lover would like to be in love with the some lead women.
The post john donne opens this elegy by starting death that the impression of his bad beloved is deeply carved in his heart and so he can never past with her thoughts. He confesses that he lover her more than her love far herself the way impression of a king a coin gives some value to that coin her impression on his heart has made his heart very precious he considered himself a medal on her heart he considered he considers his heart so precious that now it is difficult far him to manage his heart. The lovers is of the opinion that only weak people remain occupied with honour and reputation he still loves her and so, he will never allow honour to come on his way of love.
After the departure of the beloved the lover feels that he has lost his logio- reason, sometimes he finds himself lost in fantacy but fantasy can not give him the same type of joy which he had experienced in her presence the lover considered it better to sleep and have her dream because true joy of life can be achieved only in a dream that a dream would at least make him free from his pain far sometimes the lover knows that pain is the ultimate reality of life the dream lover would like to reliosh the dream of his beloved because dream locks up human sense and so he can have happy time in a dream.
After the sleep and dream are over when the lover gets up he does not want to waste his time in tears and repentance he would utilize that time in writing sonnets on his beloved and thus he would like to make her immorted. The lover knows that true joys of life can we felt only in dreams and so he would like to have her dream everytime in reality his beloved has gon far away from him by the way of death but he feels her presents because still her impressing is in his heart the ways snuff leaves its impression in a knows in the of his small. She has left her impression in his heart in the form of love.
In the last concluding  times the lovers makes his choice about being  considered  made considered make by relising a dream of his beloved instead of being considered and idiot by haring no impression ofa women his heart.
The present poem is treated as an elegy because the beloved is dead and the lovers love is expressed in the form of his remembering.
This is one of those poems that donne wrote before he turned religious. Its goal is seduction. In short, the woman he is dreaming  about awakens him. Tries to seduce her, but she refuses. He understands but disappointed and a bit bitter; as she leaves, he says go back to sleep and deam of her again because otherwise he’d die. This poem is intensely sexual.
Let’s take it stanza by stanza.
One:
Dear love, for nothing less than thee
Would I have broke this happy deam;
It was a theme for reason,
Much too strong for fantasy,
Therefore thou wak’d’st me wisely; yet
My dream thou brok’st not, but continued’st it.
Thou art so true that thoughts of thee suffice
To make dreams truths, and fables histories;
Enter these arms,for since thou thought’st best,
Not to dream all my dream, let’s act the rest.
I’ll parPHRASW:  I wouldn’t want to wake from this dream for anything less than you being here in reallife. It was a dream I want in reality, so powerful that I don’t want it to be just a dream. So, you were wise to wake me. But my dream didn’t stop...  your presence here means it can continue. You are real that  thoughts  of you are enough to make dreams real, and to make unreal histories real. Come into my arms since you thoughts it best I not finish my dream – lets do the rest in real life.
As lightning, or a taper’s light, thine  eyes, and not thy noise wak’d me;
Yet I thought thee ( for thou lovest truth) an angel, at first sight;
But when I saw thou sawest my heart,
And knew’st my thought, beyond an angel’s art,
When thou knew’st what I dreamt,
When thou knew’st when
Excess of joy would wake me, and cam’st then,
I must confess, it could not choose but be
Profane, to think thee any thing but thee.
I didn’t even wake from a noise you made, but  from the fire in your eyes along. untill now, I thought you were an angel I since I met you. But since you saw what was on mind, that was more than an angel couldor would do. You knew what I was dreaming  about and could tell my dream would soon wake me up, anyway ( he speaks here of nocturnal emission ). You came at that moment. Thus, it would be sacrilegious to think  you an angel. (he’s strongly hinting that she is the kind of women to crawl into bed with him so he can “finish his  dream.”)
Coming and staying show’d thee, thee,
But rising makes me doubt, that now
Thou art not thou.
That love is ewak where fear’s as strong as he;
‘tis not all spirit, pure and brave,
If mixture it of fear,  shame,
Honour have;
Perchance as torches, which must ready be,
Men light and put out, so thou
Deal’st with me;
Thou cam’st to kindly, goest to
Come; then I
Will dream that hope again, but eles would die.
Since you came and stayed, I know you are for who you are, but since you’re rising to leave—a lady wouldn’t  lose her honour by having sex befour marriage, after all!—I think you aren’t the sort of women ithought you were. The kind of love that is crippled by fear is weak (he’s pleading with her, here). Real love is “pure and brave” and is not mixed with fear, shame, or “honour.” You’re treating me like a torch that can be lit and put out at will (guilt trip much?). you came to turn me on (“kindle”), but you’re leaving me now. So… I will go back to my dream and hope  that someday you’ll return and finish my dream for me. If I don’t, I’ll die.

paper:3 Hamartia (Assignment)

Name:- sejal r parmar

Course:- M.A  sem-1

Batch:- 2018/20

Enrollment no:- 2069108420190033

Emil id:- sejalparmar095@gmal.com

Paper no:-3 Literary Theory and Criticism

Topic:- Hamartia

Submitted by:-MKBU Department of English

Hamartia

Hamartia article is about classical Greek term. For the medical term, see Hamartia ( medical term ). For the album by November doom, see Hamartia ( album ).

“Tragic flaw” redirects here. For the wider concept, see tragedy. The term Hamartia derives from the Greek, from Hamartanein, which means “to miss the mark” or “to err”. It is most often associated with Greek tragedy, although it is used in Christian theology.

Hamartia as it pertains to dramatic literature was first used by Aristotle in his poetics. In tragedy, Hamartia is commonly understood to refer to the protagonist’s error or tragic flaw that leads to a chain of plot actions culminating in a reversal of their good fortune to bad. 

What qualifies as the error or flaw can include an error resulting from ignorance, an error of judgment, a flaw in character, or a wrongdoing. The spectrum of meaning has invited debate among critics and scholars and different interpretations among dramatists.

Literary devices

Definition and example of literary terms

Hamartia definition

Hamartia is a personal error in a protagonist’s personality, which brings about his tragic downfall in a tragedy . this defect in a hero’s personality is also known as s “tragic flaw.”

Aristotle used the word in his poetics, where it is taken as a mistake error in judgment. The term envelops  wrongdoing, which may be accidental or deliberate. One of the classic Hamartia examples is where a hero wants to achieve something but ,while doing so, he commits an intentional or accidental error, and he ends up achieving exactly the opposite with disastrous results. Such a downfall is often marked by a reversal of fortune. Hamartia is the fatal flaw in a protagonist or hero that leads to this character’s downfall. Aristotle first used the term Hamartia in his essay poetics, the first known treatise on literary theory. Aristotle described the function of Hamartia in Greek  tragedy as that aspect of the protagonist, or perhaps an errors that the protagonist makes, that sets into motion a chain of unavoidable events change the protagonist’s fortune from good to bad. The Hamartia can be anything from an error in judgment to an errors made out of ignorance to a character flaw to a sin. The definition of Hamartia can also be expanded to refer to something that at first seems like the best part of a character, but which , in excess, leads to the flaw. We will see examples of this with Oedipus Rex and Romeo Juliet. The word Hamartia comes from the Greek word Hamartanein which means “ to fail one’s purpose” or “to err,” originally, “to miss the mark.”

Hamartia and hubris

a typical example of Hamartia in tragedies is hubris, which is excessive pride and ego in a hero’s character. This often ultimately brings about his tragic downfall. In Greek tragedies, the hubristic actions of a hero in a powerful position causes his shame and humiliation.

Examples of Hamartia in literature

 Example # 1: Oedipus ( by Sophocles )

Oedipus, a famous Greek tragedy , is a perfect example of Hamartia, in which the primary character’s downfall is caused by unintentional wrongdoings. His hubris leads him to defy the prophecy gods, but he ends up doing what he feared the most. 

In the story, the oracle of Delphi told Oedipus that he would kill his father and marry his mother. To avoid this, he leaves the city of Corinth, and heads towards Thebes. On his way, he killed an old man in a feud. Later,  he married the queen of Thebes when he was made king of the city, after he saved the city from a deadly sphinx. He committed all these sins in complete ignorance, but he deserved punishment because of attempting to rebel against his fate. His reversal of fortune is caused by his actions, which are in a sense blasphemous.

Example # 2: hamlet ( by William Shakespeare )

Prince hamlet’s tragic flaw, in Shakespeare’s play hamlet , determines his tragic downfall. Hamlet’s Hamartia is his indecisiveness. He cannot make up his mind about the dilemmas he confronts. He reveals his state of mind in the following  lines from act 3, scene a of the play :

“ to be , or not to be – that is the question:

Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles

And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep …”

Hamlet wants to kill his father’s murderer ,Claudius, but instead ruins his life by delaying action, as he looks for proof to justify the act. In the process, he spoils his relationship with his mother, and sends Ophelia into such a state of depression that she commits suicide. This indecision got almost everyone killed at the end of the play. He killed Claudius by assuming fake madness because of his indecisiveness in action so that he will not be asked for any justification.

Example # 3 :doctor Faustus ( by Christopher Marlowe)

Among the Hamartia example in literature, one of the best can be found in  Christopher Marlowe’s doctor Faustus. The tragic flaw of Faustus was his ambitions nature. despite being a respected scholar, he sold his soul to Lucifer by singing a contract, with his blood , for achieving ultimate power and limitless pleasure in this world.

He learns the art of black magic and defiies Christianity. We see a tragic conflict where Faustus thinks about repenting, but it is all  too late. Finally, the devils takes his soul away to hell and he suffers eternal damnation because of over – ambition.

Example # 4 : Frankenstein ( by Mary Shelley )

Victor, in Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein , is another character whose downfall is caused by a tragic error. His hubris, or extreme pride and arrogance, decides his fate in the narrative. He strives to become unparalleled scientist, and creates a monster that ultimately becomes the cause of  his disaster.

Function of Hamartia

Hamartia imparts a sense of pity and fear in the audience, or the readers. The audience identifies with the tragic hero as, like them, his character is a mixture of good and bad qualities. They feel pity for the reversal of fortune that he undergoes. Similarly, by witnessing a tragic hero suffer due to his own flaw, the audience or the readers may fear the same fate could behalf they if they indulge in similar kinds of action.

Therefore, Hamartia may be employed for a moral purpose, to encourage people to improve their characters by removing  the fleas that can cause a tragedy in their lives.

Common examples of Hamartia

The concept of Hamartia is familiar in regular life, as the downfall  of national and international heroes comes to light. Many politicians and sports stars especially are susceptible to  this kind of downfall , as people put so much hope in them and thus their descents are all the more public, and dramatic .

Significance of Hamartia in literature

While Hamartia was first applied to characters in greek tragedies , it is relevant to and present in famous characters throughout the history of literature . most writing teacher advise that a hero with no flaws is, actually , quire a boring character and unworthy of being written about . it is indeed more difficult for the reader to relate to a protagonist with no flaws, because that simply isn’t realistic or common in ordinary life. The presence of a flaw of error in the main character makes the fate of that character unavoidable, but also that much more tragic. When the character cannot blame anyone outside outside of him – or herself, we as the audience feel much more pity and the process of catharsis can proceed.

Example :- 1

Oedipus : blind,

Lost in the night, endless night that nursed you!

You can’t hurt me or anyone else who sees the light –

You can never touch me.

Tiresias :  true, it it not your fate to fall at my hands. Apollo is quite enough,

And he will take some pains to work this out.

Oedipus: creon ! is this conspiracy his or yours?

Tiresias: creon is not your downfall, no, you are your own.

Oedipus the king is one of the primary character that come to mind when taking about hamartia examples. Oedipus a expresses acertain hubris about his own intelligence  and decision – making that ,taken too far, lead to his downfall. Oedipus was made a fatel mistake in his understanding of vital information – he kill own father and marries his mother out of ignorance. He has set  a curse on the man who kills his father, nt knowing that it is who has done so. The blind prophet, tiresias, makes Oedipus aware  of his tragic error and asserts that it is Oedipus himself who leads to his own downfall .

paper:4 Eklavya as a subaltern (Assignment)

NAME:- SEJAL R PARMAR

COURSE:- M.A SEM-1

BATCH:- 2018-20

ROLL NO:- 40

ENROLLMENT NO:- 2069108420190033

EMAIL ID:- sejalparmar095@gmail.com

PAPER NO:- INDIAN ENGLISH  LITERATURE

TOPIC:- CHARACTER OF EKLAVYA AS A SUBALTERN

GUIDED BY:- HEENABA ZALA

INTRODUCTION

T. P. KAILASAM:-

Thanjavur  paramasiva kailasam ( 1884 – 1946 ), was a playwrite and prominent writer of Kannada literature. His contribution to Kannada  theatrical comedy earned him the title prahasana prapitamaha, “ the father of humorous plays” and later he was  also called “ Kannadakke  obbane kailasam”  meaning “ one and only Kailasam for Kannada”.

CHARACTER OF EKLAVYA AS A SUBALTERN

The play “ purpose”  by T. P.KAILASAM is a short play. The story of this play is based on Mahabharata. In this play we find character is taken from Mahabharata. Here in this play we can find character of eklavya as a subaltern. In the story of Mahabharata ‘arjunas’ is the hero while studying under Dronacharya or throughout  the epic . but here in the purpose kailasam  more focus on the character of ‘ eklavya’ . and he is the main hero of character of the purpose . the protagonist of the play is Eklavya .  purpose , by T. P. Kailasam,  is a short play dramatizing event that occurred in the Mahabharata involving Drone, Arjuna, and Eklavya … Arjuna is a prince of a prince of a great kingdom. Eklavya is a tribal boy from a relatively far away area.

EKLAVYA:-

Ekalvya means self learned person, is a character from the epic the Mahabharata. He was a young prince of the nishadha, a confederation of jungle tribes in ancient india.he was offered as the son to vyatraj hiranyadhanus  by sulekha and possessed powers given by bhumi devi. As he was her son in previous life. Ekalavya aspired  to study archery in the gurukul of guru drone.

WHAT IS SUBALTERN

A subaltern means someone with a low ranking in a social , political , or other hierarchy.

“ subaltern” means someone who has been marginalized or oppressed.

Gayatri chakravorty spivak has given “ subaltern theory”

She is best known for her wsay.

“ CAN THE SUBALTERN SPEAK ?”

in can essay she had written about marginalize people and also given voice to oppressed people of society.

“ subaltern” – who oppressed by someone in society.

In society we find many example of subaltern who marginalized and oppressed

THE VARIOUS KIND OF SOCIAL FORMATION AND THE SUBALTERNS THEY CONSTRUCT:

Social formation: class , empire , patriarchy , nation

Subaltern: working classes , natives , women ethnic – minorities

Dominant group: capitalism – bourgeois Europeans , men majority

Ideology: capitalism , colonialism , gender , homogenization and nationalism.

In this play “ purpose” we find character of ‘ eklavya’ as a “ subaltern” .

We find that he is oppressed by Arjuna and in many dialogue we find at that time and in this way we cansee or saidhim asa subaltern.

In play we find Arjuna’s dialogue to eklavya like:

“ an arya is an arya!

And a nishada is only

A low – born nishada” !

So in this dialogue of arjuna we can find that arjuna feel proud about his caste and considere his caste as a higher and he said eklavya  A nishada – a lower class person, and according to my opinion he treated as he is superior than eklaya.

ARJUNA : ‘ I do not like you ! I dislike you ! very much” !

Eklavya was a nishadaboy so Arjuna dislike his caste because Arjuna belongs to “ Arya” . here we can find that T . P . kailasam conflict also . due to eklavya’s low caste he is not able to learn Archary from guru Dronacharya.

We also find eklavya’s voice as a oppressed when he thinking that :

“ I fear he will never take me as his pupil ! he will mayhap think that I am not fit to be a fellow – pupil of these princes !

eklavya is in fear that due to his lower caste and he is a nishadha so guru will never ready to taught him . sowe can say that eklavya as a nishadha he had not right to learn archery from guru Dronacharya.

Drona didn’t teach archery to eklavya because he belonged to ‘ Nishadha’  tribe … but sadly bound to hiswords to Arjun he asked for guru dakshina wgich eklavya couldn’t refuse and gave his thumb to guru as adakshina …thus ending a great warriors feat …

Doctoring of an ideal life Mahabharata , Ramayana , Upanishads are rich heritage .

If you want an answer from current perspective it will seem that eklavya was victim of caste bais ,and that dronacruelly denied him his destiny to be a great warrior for his own selfish reasons.

However there are two more incidents about drona that need to be compared with the above incident befour we call drona selfish

1.   The most powerful weapon that drone had was brahmashira which he gave to arjuna buthis own son ashwatthama who was also a Brahman by caste he gave only a partial knowledge of it . so that aswathama can use it as a defense but not offense. Why ? because he noticed that his son whom he loved so dearly was impulsive and short tempered and therefore not worthy it fully.

2.   Drone accepted drishtadyumn as his student and trained him well knowing fully that dhristadyumn was born to kill him.

Can we call such a man selfish. Would a selfish man deny his knowledge to his own son on the ground of merit. Would a selfish man personally train a person to kill himself

So  why did drona do what he did.

It’s about right and responsibilities.

Responsibilies

As a teacher appointed for kshatriya princes by hastinapur he was bound by rules of hastinapur society to accept only the peinces allowed by them. Drone was not running his personal gurukul. He was fulfilling  the responsibility of an employee.

Just like today a woman’s no means a no. at that time a

Teacher’s no meant a no. drona rfused to accept him as a teacher. But there were other gurus to whom he could have gone instead he chose to practice by making a statue of  drone as his guru and not only that when asked by pandava and kaurava princes he declares himself as student of drone proudly

If groan did not punish eklavya’s transgression than blam would be on drone that hetaught eklavya indirectly against the prevalent rules, when he had actually notdone such a thing.

Rights

A teacher had the right to ask for any gurudakshina he desired. Krishna’s guru sandipani asked him to bring back his long lost son. Drone himself asked kaurava and pandava princes to wage a war against drupd with whom they had no personal enmity. Against a very well known warrior and formidable army their first battle. The princes could have died in the war, not everyone was a great warrior in the 105 princes. But they all went and risked their lives.  So he had every right to aks eklavya for the thumb, but drone tells eklavya, “ if eklavya indeed considered him as a guru then he should give his thumb as afee” . he was giving an option to eklavya,that if he wants he can still say that drone is not his guru and keep thumb.

It is a credit to eklavya that he chose to forego his thumb. But he tried to force drone to be his guru which he had no right to.

Robinson Crusoe

Robinson Crusoe

Introduction:

                       ' Robinson Crusoe ' is very adventure story interested novel. This novel written by Daniel Defoe in 18th century. It was published in 1719. In this novel Chief character of Robinson Crusoe. This novel the survival of Robinson Crusoe in a unknown island. So let's discussion about some notable in the movie and novel:

Master type behavior:

        He stays in island. His behavior as like master. He has pet animal and bird as like dog, cat, parrot, his behavior with his pet as don't like friendly but as like master. He save one person then he give name Friday. He was not friendly behavior with Friday but his behavior with Friday as like master or owner.

Adventure :

          When film starts we see that it starts with sea voyage of Robinson Crusoe and he becomes victim of storm during his voyage. Many critical condition faced by Robinson during his journey. We can say that it is his adventures to face any problematic situation.

             When he reaches on island he alone on island. He spends twenty eight year of his on this island. When on island at sea shore he finds footprint of human being, he becomes afraid and matches it with his foot print. He cultivates his new life on island and I can say that to stay alone it is not as just like silly matter, it is advantureful action for Robinson Crusoe. His investment on island also one part of his adventure.

          After 28th years, Friday saves Crusoe's life from a cannibal sneaking up behind him. Then Robinson Crusoe leaves for home with Friday, having 28th years. So,  we can say that this movie is about voyage and adventure of Crusoe.

The paradise lost

Paradise lost

The paradise lost is written in 12 books. The idea of this is come from the story of creation. Book 9 is a climax of the story of paradise lost.

1. Write a critique on the character of Eve. 

       

    Eve is the first woman created by God. Milton has presented character of Eve in a some different way than Bible. Eve is physically more attractive than Adam. Hence, Satan overcome by her beauty but she is not as strong physically or intellectually as Adam and she seduced by Satan and eats the fruit of the tree of knowledge. 

First she made some argue with Satan 

         " But if this tree we may not taste not touch, God so commanded, and left that commanded sole daughter of his voice: the rest, we live law to ourselves: our reason is our law "

First she wants to become more knowledgeble than Adam so she decides that not to tell about this fruit to Adam but, after she become afraid that if God will angry about her this act and curse her for her disobedience than Adam will remain and she will curse. So after she decides to tell when Adam makes some argument about this forbidden fruit at that time she says:

   

      " This tree is not, as we are told, a tree if danger tasted, not to evil unknown opening the way, but if devine effect to open eyes, and make them God who taste; and hath been tasted such".

She deserves all praise for her beauty and she is beloved of Adam. Milton has portrayed weakness of women through the character of Eve. Milton has portrayed Eve weaker than Adam. She easily tempted by Satan. She is superior than Adam only in her beauty. Eve is certainly not a feminist heroine. Milton shows role of women in society during his time. 

2. Whose argument did you find more convincing? 

I find that in first time Eve was not accept what serpent says here I can also see that is someone was praising a lot that means that someone is something wrong " let us not then suspect our happy state left so imperfectly by the maker wise as not secure to single or combined frail is our happiness if this be so"

In this argument direct said to God if I was in place of Eve I would like to reply that " if God is this much why he is God and why he created all this why he created us why he gave us life and happiness "

3. How do you look at divine perspective in Genesis of the holy Bible and human perspective in John Milton's paradise lost book 9? 

In holy book Bible we find God centric world. God was at the center and all human beings as like puppet. We can see that everything is done by God. Bible represents God's lively character. We find that due God's creation of forbidden tree " fall of man happens "

But in Genesis, that God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him male and female. We find in Milton's paradise lost human as the center character of world. He has not presented God as a central character. Milton is human being and as a poet wrong human perspective. In Bible we find divine perspective is prominent while in paradise lost " human perspective " is principle divine perspective. 

Youth festival

                  We have three day's 26th 27th and 28th October youth festival in our MK Bhavnagar University " yuva yeshvaryam yuva Manthan " organized by takshshila institute of science and commerce. So, this blog is a part of task activity given by our professor Dr. Dilip barad.  Barad sir in which we have to write on events which we were attended and try to interrupt with various literary theories.

1. Mimicry

On 26th October I have seen several mimicry by students from various colleges. There were totle 13 mimicry. Some of them are mind blowing. A true mimicry must includes multiple voices. How much a person was capable on copying multiple Voice with different tones and moods. The students are successful in copying the voice of animal. Some are very much repeating :

Peacock voice
Train
Helicopter
Opening door

Normally the mimic of opening door create horrifying effect, as it seems like someone is opening haunted house.

Clay modeling:-

In every art this art is beautiful and very famous in rural areas. Many students have take part in this art. But every model like old thus nobody new model in this art.

     This rangoli mixture of nature and digital social media. This rangoli tell about digital world. Facebook, google+, whatsapp, YouTube, and blogger.

                                    

Thinking Activity on : " HAMLET"

Thinking Activity on "HAMLET"

Kenneth branagh's 'HAMLET' based on 'HAMLET' by William Shakespeare. 

INTRODUCTION :-

                                Everyone passing through Comedy and tragedy during the life but we don't like painful condition in our lives. Mostly due to our mistake, there is a lot of pain in life. A tragedy is generally for that person who has lot of good virtue and quality but also he has one poor habit and quality it's called "Tragic flaw ". The same condition in Denmark and Shakespeare wrote many tragedy. His most famous tragedy is that the tragedy of Hamlet 'Prince of Denmark'. He change the flat history by the way of imagination words. So, let's talk about "Hamlet".

*Major characters of Hamlet 

1. King Hamlet - Father of Hamlet 
2. Prince Hamlet - son of the Late king 
3. Gertrude - Queen of Denmark 
4. Claudius - king of Denmark 
5.Polonius - The lord Chamberlain 
6. Laertes - son of Polonius 
7. Ophelia - son of Polonius
8. Rosencrants & Guildenstern - friend of Hamlet 

(1) How faithful is the movie the original plan? 

I think that movie is much faithful for me because I have not read original full book of Hamlet by Shakespeare. But, after discussion during the movie screening I can say that many scenes are added by director which are not describe in real Play. 

Ex:- In Shakespeare Hamlet there is not a statue and camera roll on statue but it is happened in film 

Film showed the glory of kingdom but in book we don't find any type of writing about court relates 

Kenneth branath had showed the physical relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia but in play it is not mentioned and in original play we can't find any type of detail about dressing sense and in film all courtyard with good clothes. 

(2) After watching the movie, have your perception about play, characters or situation changed? 

The director of the movie wonderful present the themes, plot, characters and scenes we see that two different situation in many scenes. 

Ex. Beginning of the movie we see that Claudius, Gertrude and all people are celebrated the wedding function but another side we see Hamlet in black cloth and he stand alone and he think that "why my mother marry to my uncle? "

(3) Do you feel 'aesthetic delight' while watching the movie?  If you, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons? 

Yes, when Hamlet was died and his words were gave me aesthetic delight "The rest is silence" it was gave me aesthetic delight 

(4) Do you feel ' catharsis' while or after watching movie? 

Yes, I feel catharsis while watching movie in act-4 when Hamlet distinct to take revenge. Another scene is that Ophelia became mad Ophelia's madness sorrowful condition. Hamlet also says abusing words for her. She suffered internally in first act Hamlet say. 

' had must hold my tongue, 
    Break my heart! "

(5) Does screening of movie help you better understand of the play?

Yes, screening of movie help me a lot in better understand of the play because in play we can't see facial expressions, dressing sense, movements of characters. But in movie we can see many type of facial expressions like anger, pity, fear, smile. 

I think that everything not covered through only reading so it is necessary to watch movie. Everyone can't read original because of it is too bulky. So it is better to watch movie to know about the structure of play after watching movie my imagination is little bit changed and I can better understand the play. And also with the help of movie screening i can write about questions answer's through the imagination. 

(6) was there any particular scene or moment in the movie that you will cherish lifetime? 

The beautiful and innocent character 'Ophelia' in the movie she did not raise her voice, I think she love Hamlet more than anyone but we see that accidentally Hamlet kill her father and she listened that Hamlet kill her father. She did not take any decision and she did not understand the situation and at last we see that she is mad and committed suicide. Ophelia's character will cherish my whole lifetime. 

(7) If you are director, what changes would you like to make in the remarking of movie on Shakespeare's 'Hamlet'? 

If i am director so first of all i want to change last scene to create happy ending and Hamlet marry to Ophelia and Gertrude do not drink poison. 

(8) In the beginning of the movie, camera rolls over the statue of king Hamlet out side the Elsinore caste. The movie ends with the similar sequence wherein the statue of the king Hamlet is hammered down to the dust, what sort of symbolism do you read in this? (clue : in book Ix "paradise Lost". Satan reflects on his revenge motive :"But what will not ambition and revenge; Descent to? Who aspire must down as low; as high he soared, obnoxious, firs or last, to basest things, Revenge, at first through sweet bitter are long back on itself recoils " is it not king Hamlet ambition to avenge his death responsible for the downfall of his kingdom which is symbolically pictured in last scene? 

This creativity by director, maybe he tries to say that revenge is never end with happiness. In begging of the movie camera rolls over the statue of king Hamlet outside the Elsinore castle and the end of the movie with the similar sequence the statue is hammered down to dust. So we can says that there were no remain heir of king Hamlet and maybe he had ends of rule over Denmark. 

(9) while studying the play through movie which approach do you find more applicable to the play? Why? Give reasons with illustration 

Here are the approach which i find more applicable to the play 

* Moral and philosophical approach 
*Psychological approach 
*Feminist approach 
*Cultural approach 
*Mythological approach 
*Historical and Biographycal approach 

I found pshychological approach is more applicable for the play. Hamlet don't want to became king but due to his father's ghost the decides to take revenge of his father's murder Hamlet's delay to take a revenge also king of psychological approach. In the play Hamlet is suffered from "Oedipus complex " he felt hatred for his mother's marriage with his uncle. We found him as a mad person in the play. 

(10) which of the above mentioned approaches (in pre viewing task) appeals you more than other? Why? Give reasons. 

I found feminist approach more than others approach because we see that male characters are more powerful that female characters. Ophelia did not take any decision against her father or brother and she did not raise her voice, her father and brother both are treat her like a DOLL. 

  So i think feminist approach appeals more than others.