Name:- Sejal
R Parmar
Course:- MA
Sem:- 4
Batch:- 2019/2020
Enrollment
no:- 2969108420190033
Paper:- 15
Mass Communication and Media Studies
Topic:-
Cinema
Submitted
to:- smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English
Dadasaheb Phalke
DhundirajGovindPhalke,tpopularlytknowntastDadasahebPhalke,twastantIndiantproducer-director-screenwriter,tknowntastthetFathertoftIndiantcinema.tHistdebuttfilm,tRajatHarishchandra,twastthetfirsttIndiantmovietint1913,tandtistnowtknowntastIndia'stfirsttfull-lengthtfeaturetfilm.
WhattistCinema
Atmoviettheater,tcinema,tortcinemathall,talsotknowntastatpicturethouse,tthetpictures,tortthetmovies,tistatbuildingtthattcontainstauditoriatfortviewingtfilmstfortentertainment.tMost,tbuttnottall,ttheaterstaretcommercialtoperationstcateringttotthetgeneraltpublic,twhotattendtbytpurchasingtatticket.
Sometmoviettheaters,thowever,taretoperatedtbytnon-profittorganizationstortsocietiestthattchargetmemberstatmembershiptfeettotviewtfilms.
Thetfilmtistprojectedtwithtatmovietprojectortontotatlargetprojectiontscreentattthetfronttoftthetauditoriumtwhiletthetdialogue,tsoundstandtmusictaretplayedtthroughtatnumbertoftwall-mountedtspeakers.tSincetthet1970s,tsubwoofersthavetbeentusedtfortlow-pitchedtsounds.tIntthet2010s,tmosttmoviettheaterstaretequippedtfortdigitaltcinematprojection,tremovingtthetneedttotcreatetandttransporttatphysicaltfilmtprinttontatheavytreel.
Atgreattvarietytoftfilmstaretshowntattcinemas,trangingtfromtanimatedtfilmsttotblockbustersttotdocumentaries.tThetsmallesttmoviettheatersthavetatsingletviewingtroomtwithtatsingletscreen.tIntthet2010s,tmosttmoviettheatersthadtmultipletscreens.tThetlargestttheatertcomplexes,twhichtaretcalledtmultiplexes—atconcepttdevelopedtintCanadatintthet1950st—thavetupttotthirtytscreens.tThetaudiencetmemberstoftentsittontpaddedtseats,twhichtintmostttheaterstaretsettontatslopedtfloor,twithtthethighesttparttattthetreartoftthettheater.tMoviettheaterstoftentselltsofttdrinks,tpopcorn,tandtcandy,tandtsomettheaterstsellthottfasttfood.tIntsometjurisdictions,tmoviettheaterstcantbetlicensedttotselltalcoholictdrinks.
Firsttsilenttmovie:-
FollowingtIndia'stindependence,tthetperiodtfromtthetlatet1940sttotthet1960staretregardedtbytfilmthistorianstastthet'GoldentAge'toftIndiancinema.tSometoftthetmosttcriticallytacclaimedtIndianfilmstoftallttimetweretproducedtduringtthisperiod.
thescreeningtoftthetLumièretmovingtpicturestintLondont(1895)tcinemabecameasensationacrossEuropetandtbytJulyt1896tthetLumièretfilmsthadtbeentintshowtintBombayt(nowtMumbai).tThetfirsttshorttfilmstintIndiatweretdirectedtbytHiralaltSen,tstartingtwithtThetFlowertoftPersiat(1898).
Patilcommission.tS.K.tPatil,theadofthecommission,tviewedcinemainIndiaasa'combinationofart,tindustry'andshowmanshiptwhiletnotingtitstcommercialtvalue.tPatiltfurthertrecommendedtsettingtuptoftatfilmtFinancetCorporationtundertthetMinistrytoftFinance.
HWhicharetthetmajortinfluencestoftIndiantCinema?t
1.
AncienttIndiatepicst
2.
AncienttSanskrittDrama
3.
TraditionaltfolkttheatretintIndiat
4.
Parsittheatret
5.
Hollywood
t
Bollywood:-
Hinditcinema,toftentknowntastBollywoodtandtformerlytastBombaytcinema,tistthetIndiantHindi-languagetfilmtindustrytbasedtintMumbaitThettermtistatportmanteautoft"Bombay"tandt"Hollywood".
GujaratitCinema:-
Gujaraticinema:tThefilmindustryofGujaratstarteditsjourneyint1932.tSincetthentGujaratifilmstimmenselytcontributedttotIndiantcinema.tGujaraticinemathastgainedtpopularitytamongtthetregionaltfilmindustryintIndia.tGujaraticinematistalwaystbasedtontscriptstfromtmythologyttothistorytandtsocialttotpolitical.
Thetreleasetoftthetfirsttfull-lengthtGujaratittalkie,tNarsinhtMehtatont9tAprilt1932tmarkstthettruetbeginningtoftGujaraticinema.tIttwastdirectedbyNanubhaiVakil,tproducedtbytSagarMovietone,tandtstarredtMohanlala,tMarutirao,tMastertManhar,tandtMisstMehtab.
BengalitCinemat(Tollywood)
Bengalicinemadatesbacktothe1890swhenthefirsttbioscopestwereshowntintthettheatrestoftCalcutta.tSoontaftertthetfirsttbioscopetcompanytwastsettuptbytHiralaltSentfollowedtbytDhirendraNathGanguly'stIndo-BritishtFilmtCompasnyt(IBFC)tthetfirstBengali-ownedtproductiontcompany,tint1918.
Whytistittcalledtatcinema?
CinematistfromtthetFrenchtcinématographetwhichtcomestintparttfromtthetgreekkinema,tmeaningtmovement.tSotcinematistreallytjusttanothertwordtmeaningtmovingtpicture.tIttalsothastcomettotmeantmoretgenerallytthetprocesstoftfilm-makingtandtalsotthetbuildingtwheretfilmstaretshown.
SilenttFilm
t
Thetnexttsignificanttstepttowardstmoviestwastthetdevelopmenttoftantunderstandingtoftimagetmovement.tSimulationstoftmovementtdatetastfartbacktasttot1828,twhentPaultRogettdiscoveredtthetphenomenonthetcalledt"persistencetoftvision".tRogettshowedtthattwhentatseriestoftstilltimagestaretshowntrapidlytintfronttoftatviewer'steye,tthetimagestmergetintotonetregisteredtimagetthattappearsttotshowtmovement,tantopticaltillusion,tsincetthetimagetistnottactuallytmoving.tThistexperiencetwastfurthertdemonstratedtthroughtRoget'stintroductiontoftthetthaumatrope,tatdevicetwhichtspuntatdisktwithtantimagetontitstsurfacetattatfairlythightratetoftspeed.tThetFrenchtLumièretbrothers't(LouistandtAugustetLumière)tfirsttfilm,tSortietdetl'usinetLumièretdetLyon,tshottint1894,tistconsideredtthetfirstttruetmotiontpicturetThistwastfollowedtbyttheirt1895tfilmtL'Arrivéetd'unttraintengaretdetLatCiotat.tThetfirsttcommercialtfilmtscreeningttooktplacetintParistont28tDecembert1895,tatsettoft10tshorttfilms,tfollowedtbytatscreeningtoftL'Arrivéetd'unttraintengaretdetLatCiotattintJanuaryt1896tintatnumbertoftlocationstincludingtLatCiotattitself.
ClaimantstfortthettitletoftthetearliesttmoviettheatretincludetthetEdentTheatretintLatCiotat,twheretL'Arrivéetd'unttraintengaretdetLatCiotattwastscreenedtont21tMarcht1899tThettheatretclosedtint1995tbuttre-openedtint2013tPriorttotthetre-opening,tanothertclaimanttwastthetL'IdéalCinématJacquestTatitwhichtshowedtitstfirsttfilmtont23tNovembert1905,tandtclosedtint1977.tIttre-openedtint1995.tThetKorsørtBiografTeater,tDenmark,topenedtintAugustt1908tandtistthetoldesttmoviettheatertstilltintcontinuoustoperation.
Fromt1894ttotthetlatet1920s,tmoviettheaterstshowedtsilenttfilms,twhichtweretfilmstwithtnotsynchronizedtrecordedtsoundtortdialogue.tIntsilenttfilmstfortentertainment,tthetdialoguetwasttransmittedtthroughtmutedtgestures,tmimetandttitletcards,twhichtcontainedtatwrittentindicationtoftthetplottortkeytdialogue.tThetideatoftcombiningtmotiontpicturestwithtrecordedtsoundtistnearlytastoldtastfilmtitself,tbuttbecausetoftthettechnicaltchallengestinvolved,tsynchronizedtdialoguetwastonlytmadetpracticaltintthetlatet1920stwithtthetperfectiontoftthetAudiontamplifierttubetandtthetintroductiontoftthetVitaphonetsystem.tDuringtsilenttfilms,tatpianist,tTheatertorganist,tortintlargetcities,teventatsmalltorchestratwouldtoftentplaytmusicttotaccompanytthetfilms.tPianiststandtorganiststwouldteithertplaytfromtsheettmusictortimprovise;tantorchestratwouldtplaytfromtsheettmusic.
Talkies
At"talkie"tortsoundtfilmtistatmotiontpicturetwithtsynchronizedtsound,tortsoundttechnologicallytcoupledttotimage,tastopposedttotatsilenttfilm.tThetfirsttknowntpublictexhibitiontoftprojectedtsoundtfilmsttooktplacetintParistint1900,tbuttdecadestpassedtbeforetsoundtmotiontpicturestweretmadetcommerciallytpractical.tReliabletsynchronizationtwastdifficultttotachievetwithtthetearlytsound-on-disctsystems,tandtamplificationtandtrecordingtqualitytweretalsotinadequate.tInnovationstintsound-on-filmtledttotthetfirsttcommercialtscreeningtoftshorttmotiontpicturestusingtthettechnology,twhichttooktplacetint1923.tThetprimarytstepstintthetcommercializationtoftsoundtcinematwerettakentintthetmid-ttotlatet1920s.tAttfirst,tthetsoundtfilmstincorporatingtsynchronizedtdialogue—knowntast"talkingtpictures",tort"talkies"—weretexclusivelytshorts;tthetearliesttfeature-lengthtmoviestwithtrecordedtsoundtincludedtonlytmusictandteffects.tThetfirsttfeaturetfilmtoriginallytpresentedtastattalkietwastThetJazztSinger,treleasedtintOctobert1927.tAtmajorthit,tittwastmadetwithtVitaphone,twhichtwastattthettimetthetleadingtbrandtoftsound-on-discttechnology.tSound-on-film,thowever,twouldtsoontbecometthetstandardtforttalkingtpictures.tBytthetearlyt1930s,tthettalkiestweretatglobaltphenomenon.tIntthetUnitedtStates,ttheythelpedtsecuretHollywood'stpositiontastonetoftthetworld'stmosttpowerfultcultural/commercialtsystemst(seetCinematoftthetUnitedtStates).tIntEuropet(and,ttotatlessertdegree,telsewhere),tthetnewtdevelopmenttwasttreatedtwithtsuspiciontbytmanytfilmmakerstandtcritics,twhotworriedtthattatfocustontdialoguetwouldtsubverttthetuniquetaesthetictvirtuestoftsoundlesstcinema.tIntJapan,tPhilippines,twheretthetpopulartfilmttraditiontintegratedtsilenttmovietandtlivetvocaltperformance,ttalkingtpicturestweretslowttottaketroot.tIntIndia,tsoundtwastthettransformativetelementtthattledttotthetrapidtexpansiontoftthetnation'stfilmtindustryalsotknowntastatpicturethouse,tthetpictures,tortthetmovies,tistatbuildingtthattcontainstauditoriatfortviewingtfilmstfortentertainment.tMost,tbuttnottall,ttheaterstaretcommercialtoperationstcateringttotthetgeneraltpublic,twhotattendtbytpurchasingtatticket.tSometmoviettheaters,thowever,taretoperatedtbytnon-profittorganizationstortsocietiestthattchargetmemberstatmembershiptfeettotviewtfilms.
Thetfilmtistprojectedtwithtatmovietprojectortontotatlargetprojectiontscreentattthetfronttoftthetauditoriumtwhiletthetdialogue,tsoundstandtmusictaretplayedtthroughtatnumbertoftwall-mountedtspe
Moviettheater:-
Atmoviettheatertcinematortcinemathallt
akers.tSincetthet1970s,tsubwoofersthavetbeentusedtfortlow-pitchedtsounds.tIntthet2010s,tmosttmoviettheaterstaretequippedtfortdigitaltcinematprojection,tremovingtthetneedttotcreatetandttransporttatphysicaltfilmtprinttontatheavytreel.
Atgreattvarietytoftfilmstaretshowntattcinemas,trangingtfromtanimatedtfilmsttotblockbustersttotdocumentaries.tThetsmallesttmoviettheatersthavetatsingletviewingtroomtwithtatsingletscreen.tIntthet2010s,tmosttmoviettheatersthadtmultipletscreens.tThetlargestttheatertcomplexes,twhichtaretcalledtmultiplexes—atconcepttdevelopedtintCanadatintthet1950st—thavetupttotthirtytscreens.tThetaudiencetmemberstoftentsittontpaddedtseats,twhichtintmostttheaterstaretsettontatslopedtfloor,twithtthethighesttparttattthetreartoftthettheater.tMoviettheaterstoftentselltsofttdrinks,tpopcorn,tandtcandy,tandtsomettheaterstsellthottfasttfood.tIntsometjurisdictions,tmoviettheaterstcantbetlicensedttotselltalcoholictdrinks.
