Wednesday, November 14, 2018
Paper 2 Tom Jones characters (Assignment)
NAME:- SEJAL R PARMAR
COURSE:- M.A SEM-1
BATCH:- 2018/20
ENROLLMENT NO:- 2069108420190033
EMAIL ID:- sejalparmar095@gmail.com
PAPER NO:- 2 NEO-CLASSICAL
TOPIC:- TOM JOHNS CHARACTER
GUIDED BY:- HEENABA ZALA
HENRY FIELDING:- Henry fielding was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich , earthy humour and satirical prowess , and as the author of the picaresque novel tom jones. Additionally , he holds a significant place in the history of law enforcement , having used his authority as a magistrate to found what some have called London’s first police force , the bow street runners . his younger sister , sarah , also became a successful writer. He born at 8th October 1754 , Lisbon , Portugal.
CHARACTER LIST:-
TOM JONES:- Tom jones , a “ bastard” raised by the philanthropic allworthy , is the novel’s eponymous hero and protagonist . although tom’s faults ( namely , his imprudence and his lack of chastity ) prevent him from being a perfect hero, his good heart and generosity make him fielding’s avatar of virtue , along with allworthy. Tom’s handsome face and gallantry win him the love and affection of woman throughout the countryside. His dignified ,though natural air induces character to assume that he is a gentleman – which ultimately turns out to be true.
SOPHIA WESTERN:- Sophia western is fieldind’s beautiful , generous heroine and the daughter of violent squire western, like tom , sophiya lavishes hiht on the poor , and she treat people of all classes with such respect that one landlady cannot believe she is a “ gentlewoman.” Sophia manages to reconcile her love for tom ,her filial duty to her father , and her hatred for blifil through her courage and patience . Sophia’s nature courtesy can be contrasted with her aunt western’s artificial manners.
Mr. Allworthy :- Mr. Allworthy is just what is name implies – all worthy . allworthy has a reputation thruohout England because of benevolent , altruistic behavior .moral yardstick of the novel , allworthy only faulty ( which ironically propels much of the plot ) is that – due to his goodness – he cannot perceive the evil in others .
MASTER BLIFIL :- Blifil is antagonist to tom jones and the son of bribget allworthy and captain blifil . although he appears at first to be a virtuous character , his hypocrisy soon exposes itself – blifil pretends to be pious and principled , but greedgoverns him. The fact that blifil has few redeeming qualities make tom compassion for him at the end of novel – after the revelation that blifil kept the secret of tom’s birth to himself – even more commendable . blifil’s dearth of natural human appetiles – he at first does not desire Sophia – does not distinguish him as a virtuous character , but rather provides a depressing picture of what humanity would be like if devoid of passion.
SQUIRE WESTERN :- squire western is a caricature of the rough – and – ready , conservative country gentleman. Affectionate at heart, the squire nevertheless acts with extreme violence towards his daughter Sophia, by constantly incarcerating her, and even verbally and physically abusing her. However, since the squire is a caricature, fielding does not intend for us to judge these actions too harshly. Similarly , the squire’s insistence on Sophia marrying blifil has less to do with greed that withhis stubbornness and adherence to tradition. Squire western’s speaks in west country dialect, and peppers his speech with curses.
MRs. WESTERN :- MRs. Western, the foil of her brother squire western, is a caricature of the artificial city lady who always acts out of expediency . mrs. Western prides herself on being adept at all intellectual pursuit – from politics to philosophy to feminism to amour – yet her ignorance reveals itselfon numerous occasions ( she thinks that Socrates lectured to students instead of engaging in conversation debate ). Mrs.western’s sole aim in the novel is to improve the western name by marrying off Sophia to the richest , most prosperous man she can find .
PARTRIDGE :- Partridge is the teacher whom allworthy accuses of being tom’s father . he is a kind of comedic harlequin character ( fielding even compares him to harlequin ). allworthy pathetic , bumbling , and cowardly , partridge remains a loyal servant to jones and deserves his reward at the end of the novel. Partridge has a passion for speaking in Latin non sequiturs. Although partridge creates problems for tom and Sophia by boosting tom’s reputation and defiling sophia’s to all and sundry , tomcannot help forgiving partridge , who always has the best ofintentions.
JENNY JINES :- jenny jones ( mrs. Waters ) is the student of partridge whom allworthy banishes for being tom’s mother – at the end ofthenovel we learn that jenny is not tom’ smother. Jenny reappears as “mrs. Waters” at upton , where tom saves her from a robbery . although jenny does not possess the beauty of a sophia, her very white breasts attract tom to her. Although she protests to mr. allworthy at the end of the novel that she has leda virtuous life, her seduction of tom in upton suggests otherwise. She eventually marries parson supple a friend of western.
BRIDGET ALLWORTHY:- Bridget allworthy is the mother of blifil and tom. An unattractive lady who resents beautiful women , bridget marries captain blifil because he flatters her religious views .
Although bridget’s affection wavers between blifil and tom as the boys mature, she becomes devoted to tom before her death – largely due to his good looks and gallantry.
LADY BELLASTON:- lady bellaston is a London lady , and relative of Sophia , whose passionate ,lusty personality leads her to dabble in intrigues . the stem of her last name “ bella-“, meaning “ war” in Latin , points to her malicious nature – she thinks of no one but herself . lady bellaston carries out a vengeful battle against tom and Sophia with the utmost glee .
HARRIET FITZPATRICK:- Harriet Fitzpatrick is sophia’s cousin and the wife of Mr. Fitzpatrick . pretty and charming , she is nevertheless selfish and contrives against sophia in order to improve her relationship with squire western and mrs . western .
MR . FITZPATRICK :- mr. fitzpatrick is a rash Irishman whom harriet Fitzpatrick casts in the light of an ogre chasing her across the countryside . fitzptrick becomes admirable . however , when he admits to initiating the duel with tom at the end of the novel .
MR. DOWLING:- Mr. dowling is a shrewd , shifty lawyer who becomes a friend of blifil . always operating out of expediency , when dowling realizes that blifil willnot be able to reward him for his efforts , he defects to tom and allworthy’s side .
MRs. MILLER:- mrs .miller is a faithful friend to tom and the most caring and concerned of mothers to nancy and betty . feisty and active , mrs.miller carries through on her promises and becomes tom’s biggest advocate to allworthy . she is trusting and loyal .
NIGHTINGALE:- nightingale , although a foppish city gentleman, possesses the laudable traits of loyalty and compassion – although not always in affairs of love . it takes a little time for tom to convince nightingale not to abandon nancy ,since nightingale is caught up in his image in london . to his credit, nightingale transforms and follows tom’s principles of honour – that is , fulfilling verbal commitments.
LORD FELLAMAR:- lord fellamar isa suitor of Sophia who , though he has a conscience , easily allows himself to be manipulated by lady bellaston.
SQUARE:- square is a philosopher who lives with allworthy. He justifies his questionable behavior ( such as making love to mollyseagrim ) contorting his philosophical notices . square , although a foil to thwackum , is less sinister than the latter . indeed ,square’s virtuous transformation at the end of the novel allows allworthy to forgive tom.
THWACKUM:- thwackum is the vicious tutor of blifil and tom who constantly beats tom and praises blifil . thwackum , who claims to value religion above all else , seeks only his own good.
MOLLY SEAGRIM:- molly seagrim is the rugged, unfeminine daughter of black George who seduces tom . feisty and aggressive ,molly enjoys the company of men, and fights fiercely for her rights.
BLACK GEORGE:- black George is the servant who is favored by tom . although of dubious moral tincture ( black George stealsand lies ) , black george’s loyalty to and love of tom nevertheless emerges.
NANCY MILLER:- nancy miler is the daughter of mrs. miller who becomes nughtingale’s wife.
NARRATOR:- The ironic , intrusive narrator can assumed to be fielding himself since he reflects on his process of creating tom jones.
COURSE:- M.A SEM-1
BATCH:- 2018/20
ENROLLMENT NO:- 2069108420190033
EMAIL ID:- sejalparmar095@gmail.com
PAPER NO:- 2 NEO-CLASSICAL
TOPIC:- TOM JOHNS CHARACTER
GUIDED BY:- HEENABA ZALA
HENRY FIELDING:- Henry fielding was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich , earthy humour and satirical prowess , and as the author of the picaresque novel tom jones. Additionally , he holds a significant place in the history of law enforcement , having used his authority as a magistrate to found what some have called London’s first police force , the bow street runners . his younger sister , sarah , also became a successful writer. He born at 8th October 1754 , Lisbon , Portugal.
CHARACTER LIST:-
TOM JONES:- Tom jones , a “ bastard” raised by the philanthropic allworthy , is the novel’s eponymous hero and protagonist . although tom’s faults ( namely , his imprudence and his lack of chastity ) prevent him from being a perfect hero, his good heart and generosity make him fielding’s avatar of virtue , along with allworthy. Tom’s handsome face and gallantry win him the love and affection of woman throughout the countryside. His dignified ,though natural air induces character to assume that he is a gentleman – which ultimately turns out to be true.
SOPHIA WESTERN:- Sophia western is fieldind’s beautiful , generous heroine and the daughter of violent squire western, like tom , sophiya lavishes hiht on the poor , and she treat people of all classes with such respect that one landlady cannot believe she is a “ gentlewoman.” Sophia manages to reconcile her love for tom ,her filial duty to her father , and her hatred for blifil through her courage and patience . Sophia’s nature courtesy can be contrasted with her aunt western’s artificial manners.
Mr. Allworthy :- Mr. Allworthy is just what is name implies – all worthy . allworthy has a reputation thruohout England because of benevolent , altruistic behavior .moral yardstick of the novel , allworthy only faulty ( which ironically propels much of the plot ) is that – due to his goodness – he cannot perceive the evil in others .
MASTER BLIFIL :- Blifil is antagonist to tom jones and the son of bribget allworthy and captain blifil . although he appears at first to be a virtuous character , his hypocrisy soon exposes itself – blifil pretends to be pious and principled , but greedgoverns him. The fact that blifil has few redeeming qualities make tom compassion for him at the end of novel – after the revelation that blifil kept the secret of tom’s birth to himself – even more commendable . blifil’s dearth of natural human appetiles – he at first does not desire Sophia – does not distinguish him as a virtuous character , but rather provides a depressing picture of what humanity would be like if devoid of passion.
SQUIRE WESTERN :- squire western is a caricature of the rough – and – ready , conservative country gentleman. Affectionate at heart, the squire nevertheless acts with extreme violence towards his daughter Sophia, by constantly incarcerating her, and even verbally and physically abusing her. However, since the squire is a caricature, fielding does not intend for us to judge these actions too harshly. Similarly , the squire’s insistence on Sophia marrying blifil has less to do with greed that withhis stubbornness and adherence to tradition. Squire western’s speaks in west country dialect, and peppers his speech with curses.
MRs. WESTERN :- MRs. Western, the foil of her brother squire western, is a caricature of the artificial city lady who always acts out of expediency . mrs. Western prides herself on being adept at all intellectual pursuit – from politics to philosophy to feminism to amour – yet her ignorance reveals itselfon numerous occasions ( she thinks that Socrates lectured to students instead of engaging in conversation debate ). Mrs.western’s sole aim in the novel is to improve the western name by marrying off Sophia to the richest , most prosperous man she can find .
PARTRIDGE :- Partridge is the teacher whom allworthy accuses of being tom’s father . he is a kind of comedic harlequin character ( fielding even compares him to harlequin ). allworthy pathetic , bumbling , and cowardly , partridge remains a loyal servant to jones and deserves his reward at the end of the novel. Partridge has a passion for speaking in Latin non sequiturs. Although partridge creates problems for tom and Sophia by boosting tom’s reputation and defiling sophia’s to all and sundry , tomcannot help forgiving partridge , who always has the best ofintentions.
JENNY JINES :- jenny jones ( mrs. Waters ) is the student of partridge whom allworthy banishes for being tom’s mother – at the end ofthenovel we learn that jenny is not tom’ smother. Jenny reappears as “mrs. Waters” at upton , where tom saves her from a robbery . although jenny does not possess the beauty of a sophia, her very white breasts attract tom to her. Although she protests to mr. allworthy at the end of the novel that she has leda virtuous life, her seduction of tom in upton suggests otherwise. She eventually marries parson supple a friend of western.
BRIDGET ALLWORTHY:- Bridget allworthy is the mother of blifil and tom. An unattractive lady who resents beautiful women , bridget marries captain blifil because he flatters her religious views .
Although bridget’s affection wavers between blifil and tom as the boys mature, she becomes devoted to tom before her death – largely due to his good looks and gallantry.
LADY BELLASTON:- lady bellaston is a London lady , and relative of Sophia , whose passionate ,lusty personality leads her to dabble in intrigues . the stem of her last name “ bella-“, meaning “ war” in Latin , points to her malicious nature – she thinks of no one but herself . lady bellaston carries out a vengeful battle against tom and Sophia with the utmost glee .
HARRIET FITZPATRICK:- Harriet Fitzpatrick is sophia’s cousin and the wife of Mr. Fitzpatrick . pretty and charming , she is nevertheless selfish and contrives against sophia in order to improve her relationship with squire western and mrs . western .
MR . FITZPATRICK :- mr. fitzpatrick is a rash Irishman whom harriet Fitzpatrick casts in the light of an ogre chasing her across the countryside . fitzptrick becomes admirable . however , when he admits to initiating the duel with tom at the end of the novel .
MR. DOWLING:- Mr. dowling is a shrewd , shifty lawyer who becomes a friend of blifil . always operating out of expediency , when dowling realizes that blifil willnot be able to reward him for his efforts , he defects to tom and allworthy’s side .
MRs. MILLER:- mrs .miller is a faithful friend to tom and the most caring and concerned of mothers to nancy and betty . feisty and active , mrs.miller carries through on her promises and becomes tom’s biggest advocate to allworthy . she is trusting and loyal .
NIGHTINGALE:- nightingale , although a foppish city gentleman, possesses the laudable traits of loyalty and compassion – although not always in affairs of love . it takes a little time for tom to convince nightingale not to abandon nancy ,since nightingale is caught up in his image in london . to his credit, nightingale transforms and follows tom’s principles of honour – that is , fulfilling verbal commitments.
LORD FELLAMAR:- lord fellamar isa suitor of Sophia who , though he has a conscience , easily allows himself to be manipulated by lady bellaston.
SQUARE:- square is a philosopher who lives with allworthy. He justifies his questionable behavior ( such as making love to mollyseagrim ) contorting his philosophical notices . square , although a foil to thwackum , is less sinister than the latter . indeed ,square’s virtuous transformation at the end of the novel allows allworthy to forgive tom.
THWACKUM:- thwackum is the vicious tutor of blifil and tom who constantly beats tom and praises blifil . thwackum , who claims to value religion above all else , seeks only his own good.
MOLLY SEAGRIM:- molly seagrim is the rugged, unfeminine daughter of black George who seduces tom . feisty and aggressive ,molly enjoys the company of men, and fights fiercely for her rights.
BLACK GEORGE:- black George is the servant who is favored by tom . although of dubious moral tincture ( black George stealsand lies ) , black george’s loyalty to and love of tom nevertheless emerges.
NANCY MILLER:- nancy miler is the daughter of mrs. miller who becomes nughtingale’s wife.
NARRATOR:- The ironic , intrusive narrator can assumed to be fielding himself since he reflects on his process of creating tom jones.
Paper:1 The metaphysical poetry (Assignment)
NAME:- SEJAL R PARMAR
COURSE:- M.A SEM-1
BATCH :- 2018-20
ROLL NO:- 40
ENROLLMENT NO:- 2069108420190033
EMAIL ID:- sejalparmar095@gmail.com
PAPER NO:- 1 THE RENAISSANCE LITERATURE
TOPIC:- THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY
GUIDED BY:- DILIP BARAD
INTRODUCTION
THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY
The metaphysical poetry occupies unique place in the history of English poetry. It is known as the school of john donne because he was the pioneer who established this new trend of writing poetry
It was not john Donne who named it as “The metaphysical poetry”. This title was given to the poetry of Donne and his school by Dr. samuel Johnson. It was in the introduction to the life of Abraham Cowley – that he used the term “ the metaphysical poetry” to signify the poetry of donne and his followers when Samuel Johnson used this term. It was in negative sense but with the passing of time the same term became a term of appraisal far the poetry of donne and his followers.
Dr. Johnson mentions that a group of poets appeared at the end of 17th century the poets of which made a conscious attempt to differ in their way of writing poetry from other poets so, basically this term “metaphysical poetry” has been enolved by samuel Johnson to identify the poetry of “the school of donne”.
DEFINITION OF METAPHYSICAL POETRY:
Highly intellectualized poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity and subtlety of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.
JOHN DONNE
john donne was an English poet and cleric in the church of England. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poems, religious poems, latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. John donne was very sexually oriented. Even when he turned to religious poetry, it was heavily tinted with sexual metaphors. He had a one – track mind.
ELEGY X: THE DREAM
We should first understand ‘elegy’ knows as ‘elegy’ for ‘death’ written on the death of Adward king remember by that friend Lucidas – pastoral, elegy. Rural shephereds, landscape in this poem. The deal person a remembered his life is glorified and he is raised to the level of a here. There are many elegies in the English poetry the present elegy is in the remembered of a beloved and it is spoken by a lover the separation has already taken place at the beloved is deal but the lover would like to be in love with the some lead women.
The post john donne opens this elegy by starting death that the impression of his bad beloved is deeply carved in his heart and so he can never past with her thoughts. He confesses that he lover her more than her love far herself the way impression of a king a coin gives some value to that coin her impression on his heart has made his heart very precious he considered himself a medal on her heart he considered he considers his heart so precious that now it is difficult far him to manage his heart. The lovers is of the opinion that only weak people remain occupied with honour and reputation he still loves her and so, he will never allow honour to come on his way of love.
After the departure of the beloved the lover feels that he has lost his logio- reason, sometimes he finds himself lost in fantacy but fantasy can not give him the same type of joy which he had experienced in her presence the lover considered it better to sleep and have her dream because true joy of life can be achieved only in a dream that a dream would at least make him free from his pain far sometimes the lover knows that pain is the ultimate reality of life the dream lover would like to reliosh the dream of his beloved because dream locks up human sense and so he can have happy time in a dream.
After the sleep and dream are over when the lover gets up he does not want to waste his time in tears and repentance he would utilize that time in writing sonnets on his beloved and thus he would like to make her immorted. The lover knows that true joys of life can we felt only in dreams and so he would like to have her dream everytime in reality his beloved has gon far away from him by the way of death but he feels her presents because still her impressing is in his heart the ways snuff leaves its impression in a knows in the of his small. She has left her impression in his heart in the form of love.
In the last concluding times the lovers makes his choice about being considered made considered make by relising a dream of his beloved instead of being considered and idiot by haring no impression ofa women his heart.
The present poem is treated as an elegy because the beloved is dead and the lovers love is expressed in the form of his remembering.
This is one of those poems that donne wrote before he turned religious. Its goal is seduction. In short, the woman he is dreaming about awakens him. Tries to seduce her, but she refuses. He understands but disappointed and a bit bitter; as she leaves, he says go back to sleep and deam of her again because otherwise he’d die. This poem is intensely sexual.
Let’s take it stanza by stanza.
One:
Dear love, for nothing less than thee
Would I have broke this happy deam;
It was a theme for reason,
Much too strong for fantasy,
Therefore thou wak’d’st me wisely; yet
My dream thou brok’st not, but continued’st it.
Thou art so true that thoughts of thee suffice
To make dreams truths, and fables histories;
Enter these arms,for since thou thought’st best,
Not to dream all my dream, let’s act the rest.
I’ll parPHRASW: I wouldn’t want to wake from this dream for anything less than you being here in reallife. It was a dream I want in reality, so powerful that I don’t want it to be just a dream. So, you were wise to wake me. But my dream didn’t stop... your presence here means it can continue. You are real that thoughts of you are enough to make dreams real, and to make unreal histories real. Come into my arms since you thoughts it best I not finish my dream – lets do the rest in real life.
As lightning, or a taper’s light, thine eyes, and not thy noise wak’d me;
Yet I thought thee ( for thou lovest truth) an angel, at first sight;
But when I saw thou sawest my heart,
And knew’st my thought, beyond an angel’s art,
When thou knew’st what I dreamt,
When thou knew’st when
Excess of joy would wake me, and cam’st then,
I must confess, it could not choose but be
Profane, to think thee any thing but thee.
I didn’t even wake from a noise you made, but from the fire in your eyes along. untill now, I thought you were an angel I since I met you. But since you saw what was on mind, that was more than an angel couldor would do. You knew what I was dreaming about and could tell my dream would soon wake me up, anyway ( he speaks here of nocturnal emission ). You came at that moment. Thus, it would be sacrilegious to think you an angel. (he’s strongly hinting that she is the kind of women to crawl into bed with him so he can “finish his dream.”)
Coming and staying show’d thee, thee,
But rising makes me doubt, that now
Thou art not thou.
That love is ewak where fear’s as strong as he;
‘tis not all spirit, pure and brave,
If mixture it of fear, shame,
Honour have;
Perchance as torches, which must ready be,
Men light and put out, so thou
Deal’st with me;
Thou cam’st to kindly, goest to
Come; then I
Will dream that hope again, but eles would die.
Since you came and stayed, I know you are for who you are, but since you’re rising to leave—a lady wouldn’t lose her honour by having sex befour marriage, after all!—I think you aren’t the sort of women ithought you were. The kind of love that is crippled by fear is weak (he’s pleading with her, here). Real love is “pure and brave” and is not mixed with fear, shame, or “honour.” You’re treating me like a torch that can be lit and put out at will (guilt trip much?). you came to turn me on (“kindle”), but you’re leaving me now. So… I will go back to my dream and hope that someday you’ll return and finish my dream for me. If I don’t, I’ll die.
COURSE:- M.A SEM-1
BATCH :- 2018-20
ROLL NO:- 40
ENROLLMENT NO:- 2069108420190033
EMAIL ID:- sejalparmar095@gmail.com
PAPER NO:- 1 THE RENAISSANCE LITERATURE
TOPIC:- THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY
GUIDED BY:- DILIP BARAD
INTRODUCTION
THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY
The metaphysical poetry occupies unique place in the history of English poetry. It is known as the school of john donne because he was the pioneer who established this new trend of writing poetry
It was not john Donne who named it as “The metaphysical poetry”. This title was given to the poetry of Donne and his school by Dr. samuel Johnson. It was in the introduction to the life of Abraham Cowley – that he used the term “ the metaphysical poetry” to signify the poetry of donne and his followers when Samuel Johnson used this term. It was in negative sense but with the passing of time the same term became a term of appraisal far the poetry of donne and his followers.
Dr. Johnson mentions that a group of poets appeared at the end of 17th century the poets of which made a conscious attempt to differ in their way of writing poetry from other poets so, basically this term “metaphysical poetry” has been enolved by samuel Johnson to identify the poetry of “the school of donne”.
DEFINITION OF METAPHYSICAL POETRY:
Highly intellectualized poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity and subtlety of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.
JOHN DONNE
john donne was an English poet and cleric in the church of England. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poems, religious poems, latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. John donne was very sexually oriented. Even when he turned to religious poetry, it was heavily tinted with sexual metaphors. He had a one – track mind.
ELEGY X: THE DREAM
We should first understand ‘elegy’ knows as ‘elegy’ for ‘death’ written on the death of Adward king remember by that friend Lucidas – pastoral, elegy. Rural shephereds, landscape in this poem. The deal person a remembered his life is glorified and he is raised to the level of a here. There are many elegies in the English poetry the present elegy is in the remembered of a beloved and it is spoken by a lover the separation has already taken place at the beloved is deal but the lover would like to be in love with the some lead women.
The post john donne opens this elegy by starting death that the impression of his bad beloved is deeply carved in his heart and so he can never past with her thoughts. He confesses that he lover her more than her love far herself the way impression of a king a coin gives some value to that coin her impression on his heart has made his heart very precious he considered himself a medal on her heart he considered he considers his heart so precious that now it is difficult far him to manage his heart. The lovers is of the opinion that only weak people remain occupied with honour and reputation he still loves her and so, he will never allow honour to come on his way of love.
After the departure of the beloved the lover feels that he has lost his logio- reason, sometimes he finds himself lost in fantacy but fantasy can not give him the same type of joy which he had experienced in her presence the lover considered it better to sleep and have her dream because true joy of life can be achieved only in a dream that a dream would at least make him free from his pain far sometimes the lover knows that pain is the ultimate reality of life the dream lover would like to reliosh the dream of his beloved because dream locks up human sense and so he can have happy time in a dream.
After the sleep and dream are over when the lover gets up he does not want to waste his time in tears and repentance he would utilize that time in writing sonnets on his beloved and thus he would like to make her immorted. The lover knows that true joys of life can we felt only in dreams and so he would like to have her dream everytime in reality his beloved has gon far away from him by the way of death but he feels her presents because still her impressing is in his heart the ways snuff leaves its impression in a knows in the of his small. She has left her impression in his heart in the form of love.
In the last concluding times the lovers makes his choice about being considered made considered make by relising a dream of his beloved instead of being considered and idiot by haring no impression ofa women his heart.
The present poem is treated as an elegy because the beloved is dead and the lovers love is expressed in the form of his remembering.
This is one of those poems that donne wrote before he turned religious. Its goal is seduction. In short, the woman he is dreaming about awakens him. Tries to seduce her, but she refuses. He understands but disappointed and a bit bitter; as she leaves, he says go back to sleep and deam of her again because otherwise he’d die. This poem is intensely sexual.
Let’s take it stanza by stanza.
One:
Dear love, for nothing less than thee
Would I have broke this happy deam;
It was a theme for reason,
Much too strong for fantasy,
Therefore thou wak’d’st me wisely; yet
My dream thou brok’st not, but continued’st it.
Thou art so true that thoughts of thee suffice
To make dreams truths, and fables histories;
Enter these arms,for since thou thought’st best,
Not to dream all my dream, let’s act the rest.
I’ll parPHRASW: I wouldn’t want to wake from this dream for anything less than you being here in reallife. It was a dream I want in reality, so powerful that I don’t want it to be just a dream. So, you were wise to wake me. But my dream didn’t stop... your presence here means it can continue. You are real that thoughts of you are enough to make dreams real, and to make unreal histories real. Come into my arms since you thoughts it best I not finish my dream – lets do the rest in real life.
As lightning, or a taper’s light, thine eyes, and not thy noise wak’d me;
Yet I thought thee ( for thou lovest truth) an angel, at first sight;
But when I saw thou sawest my heart,
And knew’st my thought, beyond an angel’s art,
When thou knew’st what I dreamt,
When thou knew’st when
Excess of joy would wake me, and cam’st then,
I must confess, it could not choose but be
Profane, to think thee any thing but thee.
I didn’t even wake from a noise you made, but from the fire in your eyes along. untill now, I thought you were an angel I since I met you. But since you saw what was on mind, that was more than an angel couldor would do. You knew what I was dreaming about and could tell my dream would soon wake me up, anyway ( he speaks here of nocturnal emission ). You came at that moment. Thus, it would be sacrilegious to think you an angel. (he’s strongly hinting that she is the kind of women to crawl into bed with him so he can “finish his dream.”)
Coming and staying show’d thee, thee,
But rising makes me doubt, that now
Thou art not thou.
That love is ewak where fear’s as strong as he;
‘tis not all spirit, pure and brave,
If mixture it of fear, shame,
Honour have;
Perchance as torches, which must ready be,
Men light and put out, so thou
Deal’st with me;
Thou cam’st to kindly, goest to
Come; then I
Will dream that hope again, but eles would die.
Since you came and stayed, I know you are for who you are, but since you’re rising to leave—a lady wouldn’t lose her honour by having sex befour marriage, after all!—I think you aren’t the sort of women ithought you were. The kind of love that is crippled by fear is weak (he’s pleading with her, here). Real love is “pure and brave” and is not mixed with fear, shame, or “honour.” You’re treating me like a torch that can be lit and put out at will (guilt trip much?). you came to turn me on (“kindle”), but you’re leaving me now. So… I will go back to my dream and hope that someday you’ll return and finish my dream for me. If I don’t, I’ll die.
paper:3 Hamartia (Assignment)
Name:- sejal
r parmar
Course:-
M.A sem-1
Batch:-
2018/20
Enrollment
no:- 2069108420190033
Paper no:-3
Literary Theory and Criticism
Topic:-
Hamartia
Submitted
by:-MKBU Department of English
Hamartia
Hamartia
article is about classical Greek term. For the medical term, see Hamartia (
medical term ). For the album by November doom, see Hamartia ( album ).
“Tragic
flaw” redirects here. For the wider concept, see tragedy. The term Hamartia
derives from the Greek, from Hamartanein, which means “to miss the mark” or “to
err”. It is most often associated with Greek tragedy, although it is used in
Christian theology.
Hamartia as
it pertains to dramatic literature was first used by Aristotle in his poetics.
In tragedy, Hamartia is commonly understood to refer to the protagonist’s error
or tragic flaw that leads to a chain of plot actions culminating in a reversal
of their good fortune to bad.
What
qualifies as the error or flaw can include an error resulting from ignorance,
an error of judgment, a flaw in character, or a wrongdoing. The spectrum of
meaning has invited debate among critics and scholars and different
interpretations among dramatists.
Literary
devices
Definition
and example of literary terms
Hamartia
definition
Hamartia is
a personal error in a protagonist’s personality, which brings about his tragic
downfall in a tragedy . this defect in a hero’s personality is also known as s
“tragic flaw.”
Aristotle
used the word in his poetics, where it is taken as a mistake error in judgment.
The term envelops wrongdoing, which may
be accidental or deliberate. One of the classic Hamartia examples is where a
hero wants to achieve something but ,while doing so, he commits an intentional
or accidental error, and he ends up achieving exactly the opposite with
disastrous results. Such a downfall is often marked by a reversal of fortune.
Hamartia is the fatal flaw in a protagonist or hero that leads to this character’s
downfall. Aristotle first used the term Hamartia in his essay poetics, the
first known treatise on literary theory. Aristotle described the function of
Hamartia in Greek tragedy as that aspect
of the protagonist, or perhaps an errors that the protagonist makes, that sets
into motion a chain of unavoidable events change the protagonist’s fortune from
good to bad. The Hamartia can be anything from an error in judgment to an
errors made out of ignorance to a character flaw to a sin. The definition of Hamartia
can also be expanded to refer to something that at first seems like the best
part of a character, but which , in excess, leads to the flaw. We will see
examples of this with Oedipus Rex and Romeo Juliet. The word Hamartia comes from
the Greek word Hamartanein which means “ to fail one’s purpose” or “to err,”
originally, “to miss the mark.”
Hamartia
and hubris
a typical
example of Hamartia in tragedies is hubris, which is excessive pride and ego in
a hero’s character. This often ultimately brings about his tragic downfall. In
Greek tragedies, the hubristic actions of a hero in a powerful position causes
his shame and humiliation.
Examples
of Hamartia in literature
Example # 1: Oedipus ( by Sophocles )
Oedipus, a
famous Greek tragedy , is a perfect example of Hamartia, in which the primary
character’s downfall is caused by unintentional wrongdoings. His hubris leads
him to defy the prophecy gods, but he ends up doing what he feared the
most.
In the
story, the oracle of Delphi told Oedipus that he would kill his father and
marry his mother. To avoid this, he leaves the city of Corinth, and heads towards
Thebes. On his way, he killed an old man in a feud. Later, he married the queen of Thebes when he was
made king of the city, after he saved the city from a deadly sphinx. He
committed all these sins in complete ignorance, but he deserved punishment
because of attempting to rebel against his fate. His reversal of fortune is
caused by his actions, which are in a sense blasphemous.
Example # 2:
hamlet ( by William Shakespeare )
Prince
hamlet’s tragic flaw, in Shakespeare’s play hamlet , determines his tragic
downfall. Hamlet’s Hamartia is his indecisiveness. He cannot make up his mind
about the dilemmas he confronts. He reveals his state of mind in the following lines from act 3, scene a of the play :
“ to be , or
not to be – that is the question:
Whether ‘tis
nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings
and arrows of outrageous fortune
Or to take
arms against a sea of troubles
And by
opposing end them. To die, to sleep …”
Hamlet wants
to kill his father’s murderer ,Claudius, but instead ruins his life by delaying
action, as he looks for proof to justify the act. In the process, he spoils his
relationship with his mother, and sends Ophelia into such a state of depression
that she commits suicide. This indecision got almost everyone killed at the end
of the play. He killed Claudius by assuming fake madness because of his
indecisiveness in action so that he will not be asked for any justification.
Example # 3
:doctor Faustus ( by Christopher Marlowe)
Among the
Hamartia example in literature, one of the best can be found in Christopher Marlowe’s doctor Faustus. The
tragic flaw of Faustus was his ambitions nature. despite being a respected
scholar, he sold his soul to Lucifer by singing a contract, with his blood ,
for achieving ultimate power and limitless pleasure in this world.
He learns
the art of black magic and defiies Christianity. We see a tragic conflict where
Faustus thinks about repenting, but it is all
too late. Finally, the devils takes his soul away to hell and he suffers
eternal damnation because of over – ambition.
Example # 4
: Frankenstein ( by Mary Shelley )
Victor, in
Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein , is another character whose downfall is caused
by a tragic error. His hubris, or extreme pride and arrogance, decides his fate
in the narrative. He strives to become unparalleled scientist, and creates a
monster that ultimately becomes the cause of
his disaster.
Function
of Hamartia
Hamartia imparts
a sense of pity and fear in the audience, or the readers. The audience
identifies with the tragic hero as, like them, his character is a mixture of
good and bad qualities. They feel pity for the reversal of fortune that he
undergoes. Similarly, by witnessing a tragic hero suffer due to his own flaw,
the audience or the readers may fear the same fate could behalf they if they
indulge in similar kinds of action.
Therefore,
Hamartia may be employed for a moral purpose, to encourage people to improve their
characters by removing the fleas that
can cause a tragedy in their lives.
Common
examples of Hamartia
The concept
of Hamartia is familiar in regular life, as the downfall of national and international heroes comes to
light. Many politicians and sports stars especially are susceptible to this kind of downfall , as people put so much
hope in them and thus their descents are all the more public, and dramatic .
Significance
of Hamartia in literature
While
Hamartia was first applied to characters in greek tragedies , it is relevant to
and present in famous characters throughout the history of literature . most
writing teacher advise that a hero with no flaws is, actually , quire a boring
character and unworthy of being written about . it is indeed more difficult for
the reader to relate to a protagonist with no flaws, because that simply isn’t
realistic or common in ordinary life. The presence of a flaw of error in the
main character makes the fate of that character unavoidable, but also that much
more tragic. When the character cannot blame anyone outside outside of him – or
herself, we as the audience feel much more pity and the process of catharsis
can proceed.
Example :- 1
Oedipus :
blind,
Lost in the
night, endless night that nursed you!
You can’t
hurt me or anyone else who sees the light –
You can
never touch me.
Tiresias
: true, it it not your fate to fall at
my hands. Apollo is quite enough,
And he will
take some pains to work this out.
Oedipus:
creon ! is this conspiracy his or yours?
Tiresias: creon
is not your downfall, no, you are your own.
Oedipus the
king is one of the primary character that come to mind when taking about
hamartia examples. Oedipus a expresses acertain hubris about his own
intelligence and decision – making that
,taken too far, lead to his downfall. Oedipus was made a fatel mistake in his
understanding of vital information – he kill own father and marries his mother
out of ignorance. He has set a curse on
the man who kills his father, nt knowing that it is who has done so. The blind
prophet, tiresias, makes Oedipus aware
of his tragic error and asserts that it is Oedipus himself who leads to
his own downfall .
paper:4 Eklavya as a subaltern (Assignment)
NAME:- SEJAL R PARMAR
COURSE:- M.A SEM-1
BATCH:- 2018-20
ROLL NO:- 40
ENROLLMENT NO:- 2069108420190033
EMAIL ID:- sejalparmar095@gmail.com
PAPER NO:- INDIAN ENGLISH
LITERATURE
TOPIC:- CHARACTER OF EKLAVYA AS A SUBALTERN
GUIDED BY:- HEENABA ZALA
INTRODUCTION
T. P.
KAILASAM:-
Thanjavur paramasiva kailasam ( 1884 – 1946 ), was a
playwrite and prominent writer of Kannada literature. His contribution to
Kannada theatrical comedy earned him the
title prahasana prapitamaha, “ the father of humorous plays” and later he was also called “ Kannadakke obbane kailasam” meaning “ one and only Kailasam for Kannada”.
CHARACTER OF
EKLAVYA AS A SUBALTERN
The play “
purpose” by T. P.KAILASAM is a short
play. The story of this play is based on Mahabharata. In this play we find
character is taken from Mahabharata. Here in this play we can find character of
eklavya as a subaltern. In the story of Mahabharata ‘arjunas’ is the hero while
studying under Dronacharya or throughout
the epic . but here in the purpose kailasam more focus on the character of ‘ eklavya’ .
and he is the main hero of character of the purpose . the protagonist of the
play is Eklavya . purpose , by T. P.
Kailasam, is a short play dramatizing
event that occurred in the Mahabharata involving Drone, Arjuna, and Eklavya …
Arjuna is a prince of a prince of a great kingdom. Eklavya is a tribal boy from
a relatively far away area.
EKLAVYA:-
Ekalvya
means self learned person, is a character from the epic the Mahabharata. He was
a young prince of the nishadha, a confederation of jungle tribes in ancient
india.he was offered as the son to vyatraj hiranyadhanus by sulekha and possessed powers given by
bhumi devi. As he was her son in previous life. Ekalavya aspired to study archery in the gurukul of guru
drone.
WHAT IS
SUBALTERN
A subaltern
means someone with a low ranking in a social , political , or other hierarchy.
“ subaltern”
means someone who has been marginalized or oppressed.
Gayatri
chakravorty spivak has given “ subaltern theory”
She is best
known for her wsay.
“ CAN THE
SUBALTERN SPEAK ?”
in can essay
she had written about marginalize people and also given voice to oppressed
people of society.
“ subaltern”
– who oppressed by someone in society.
In society
we find many example of subaltern who marginalized and oppressed
THE VARIOUS
KIND OF SOCIAL FORMATION AND THE SUBALTERNS THEY CONSTRUCT:
Social
formation: class , empire , patriarchy , nation
Subaltern:
working classes , natives , women ethnic – minorities
Dominant
group: capitalism – bourgeois Europeans , men majority
Ideology:
capitalism , colonialism , gender , homogenization and nationalism.
In this play
“ purpose” we find character of ‘ eklavya’ as a “ subaltern” .
We find that
he is oppressed by Arjuna and in many dialogue we find at that time and in this
way we cansee or saidhim asa subaltern.
In play we
find Arjuna’s dialogue to eklavya like:
“ an arya
is an arya!
And a
nishada is only
A low –
born nishada” !
So in this
dialogue of arjuna we can find that arjuna feel proud about his caste and
considere his caste as a higher and he said eklavya A nishada – a lower class person, and
according to my opinion he treated as he is superior than eklaya.
ARJUNA :
‘ I do not like you ! I dislike you ! very much” !
Eklavya was
a nishadaboy so Arjuna dislike his caste because Arjuna belongs to “ Arya” .
here we can find that T . P . kailasam conflict also . due to eklavya’s low
caste he is not able to learn Archary from guru Dronacharya.
We also find
eklavya’s voice as a oppressed when he thinking that :
“ I fear
he will never take me as his pupil ! he will mayhap think that I am not fit to
be a fellow – pupil of these princes !
eklavya is
in fear that due to his lower caste and he is a nishadha so guru will never
ready to taught him . sowe can say that eklavya as a nishadha he had not right
to learn archery from guru Dronacharya.
Drona didn’t
teach archery to eklavya because he belonged to ‘ Nishadha’ tribe … but sadly bound to hiswords to Arjun
he asked for guru dakshina wgich eklavya couldn’t refuse and gave his thumb to
guru as adakshina …thus ending a great warriors feat …
Doctoring of
an ideal life Mahabharata , Ramayana , Upanishads are rich heritage .
If you want
an answer from current perspective it will seem that eklavya was victim of
caste bais ,and that dronacruelly denied him his destiny to be a great warrior
for his own selfish reasons.
However
there are two more incidents about drona that need to be compared with the
above incident befour we call drona selfish
1. The most powerful weapon that drone
had was brahmashira which he gave to arjuna buthis own son ashwatthama who was
also a Brahman by caste he gave only a partial knowledge of it . so that
aswathama can use it as a defense but not offense. Why ? because he noticed
that his son whom he loved so dearly was impulsive and short tempered and
therefore not worthy it fully.
2. Drone accepted drishtadyumn as his
student and trained him well knowing fully that dhristadyumn was born to kill
him.
Can we call such a man selfish. Would a selfish man deny his knowledge to
his own son on the ground of merit. Would a selfish man personally train a
person to kill himself
So why did drona do what he did.
It’s about right and responsibilities.
Responsibilies
As a teacher appointed for kshatriya princes by hastinapur he was bound
by rules of hastinapur society to accept only the peinces allowed by them.
Drone was not running his personal gurukul. He was fulfilling the responsibility of an employee.
Just like today a woman’s no means a no. at that time a
Teacher’s no meant a no. drona rfused to accept him as a teacher. But
there were other gurus to whom he could have gone instead he chose to practice
by making a statue of drone as his guru
and not only that when asked by pandava and kaurava princes he declares himself
as student of drone proudly
If groan did not punish eklavya’s transgression than blam would be on
drone that hetaught eklavya indirectly against the prevalent rules, when he had
actually notdone such a thing.
Rights
A teacher had the right to ask for any gurudakshina he
desired. Krishna’s guru sandipani asked him to bring back his long lost son.
Drone himself asked kaurava and pandava princes to wage a war against drupd with
whom they had no personal enmity. Against a very well known warrior and
formidable army their first battle. The princes could have died in the war, not
everyone was a great warrior in the 105 princes. But they all went and risked
their lives. So he had every right to
aks eklavya for the thumb, but drone tells eklavya, “ if eklavya indeed
considered him as a guru then he should give his thumb as afee” . he was giving
an option to eklavya,that if he wants he can still say that drone is not his
guru and keep thumb.
It is a credit to eklavya that he chose to forego his thumb. But he tried
to force drone to be his guru which he had no right to.
Friday, November 9, 2018
Robinson Crusoe
Robinson Crusoe
Introduction:
' Robinson Crusoe ' is very adventure story interested novel. This novel written by Daniel Defoe in 18th century. It was published in 1719. In this novel Chief character of Robinson Crusoe. This novel the survival of Robinson Crusoe in a unknown island. So let's discussion about some notable in the movie and novel:
Master type behavior:
He stays in island. His behavior as like master. He has pet animal and bird as like dog, cat, parrot, his behavior with his pet as don't like friendly but as like master. He save one person then he give name Friday. He was not friendly behavior with Friday but his behavior with Friday as like master or owner.
Adventure :
When film starts we see that it starts with sea voyage of Robinson Crusoe and he becomes victim of storm during his voyage. Many critical condition faced by Robinson during his journey. We can say that it is his adventures to face any problematic situation.
When he reaches on island he alone on island. He spends twenty eight year of his on this island. When on island at sea shore he finds footprint of human being, he becomes afraid and matches it with his foot print. He cultivates his new life on island and I can say that to stay alone it is not as just like silly matter, it is advantureful action for Robinson Crusoe. His investment on island also one part of his adventure.
After 28th years, Friday saves Crusoe's life from a cannibal sneaking up behind him. Then Robinson Crusoe leaves for home with Friday, having 28th years. So, we can say that this movie is about voyage and adventure of Crusoe.
Introduction:
' Robinson Crusoe ' is very adventure story interested novel. This novel written by Daniel Defoe in 18th century. It was published in 1719. In this novel Chief character of Robinson Crusoe. This novel the survival of Robinson Crusoe in a unknown island. So let's discussion about some notable in the movie and novel:
Master type behavior:
He stays in island. His behavior as like master. He has pet animal and bird as like dog, cat, parrot, his behavior with his pet as don't like friendly but as like master. He save one person then he give name Friday. He was not friendly behavior with Friday but his behavior with Friday as like master or owner.
Adventure :
When film starts we see that it starts with sea voyage of Robinson Crusoe and he becomes victim of storm during his voyage. Many critical condition faced by Robinson during his journey. We can say that it is his adventures to face any problematic situation.
When he reaches on island he alone on island. He spends twenty eight year of his on this island. When on island at sea shore he finds footprint of human being, he becomes afraid and matches it with his foot print. He cultivates his new life on island and I can say that to stay alone it is not as just like silly matter, it is advantureful action for Robinson Crusoe. His investment on island also one part of his adventure.
After 28th years, Friday saves Crusoe's life from a cannibal sneaking up behind him. Then Robinson Crusoe leaves for home with Friday, having 28th years. So, we can say that this movie is about voyage and adventure of Crusoe.
The paradise lost
Paradise lost
The paradise lost is written in 12 books. The idea of this is come from the story of creation. Book 9 is a climax of the story of paradise lost.
The paradise lost is written in 12 books. The idea of this is come from the story of creation. Book 9 is a climax of the story of paradise lost.
1. Write a critique on the character of Eve.
Eve is the first woman created by God. Milton has presented character of Eve in a some different way than Bible. Eve is physically more attractive than Adam. Hence, Satan overcome by her beauty but she is not as strong physically or intellectually as Adam and she seduced by Satan and eats the fruit of the tree of knowledge.
First she made some argue with Satan
" But if this tree we may not taste not touch, God so commanded, and left that commanded sole daughter of his voice: the rest, we live law to ourselves: our reason is our law "
First she wants to become more knowledgeble than Adam so she decides that not to tell about this fruit to Adam but, after she become afraid that if God will angry about her this act and curse her for her disobedience than Adam will remain and she will curse. So after she decides to tell when Adam makes some argument about this forbidden fruit at that time she says:
" This tree is not, as we are told, a tree if danger tasted, not to evil unknown opening the way, but if devine effect to open eyes, and make them God who taste; and hath been tasted such".
She deserves all praise for her beauty and she is beloved of Adam. Milton has portrayed weakness of women through the character of Eve. Milton has portrayed Eve weaker than Adam. She easily tempted by Satan. She is superior than Adam only in her beauty. Eve is certainly not a feminist heroine. Milton shows role of women in society during his time.
2. Whose argument did you find more convincing?
I find that in first time Eve was not accept what serpent says here I can also see that is someone was praising a lot that means that someone is something wrong " let us not then suspect our happy state left so imperfectly by the maker wise as not secure to single or combined frail is our happiness if this be so"
In this argument direct said to God if I was in place of Eve I would like to reply that " if God is this much why he is God and why he created all this why he created us why he gave us life and happiness "
3. How do you look at divine perspective in Genesis of the holy Bible and human perspective in John Milton's paradise lost book 9?
In holy book Bible we find God centric world. God was at the center and all human beings as like puppet. We can see that everything is done by God. Bible represents God's lively character. We find that due God's creation of forbidden tree " fall of man happens "
But in Genesis, that God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him male and female. We find in Milton's paradise lost human as the center character of world. He has not presented God as a central character. Milton is human being and as a poet wrong human perspective. In Bible we find divine perspective is prominent while in paradise lost " human perspective " is principle divine perspective.
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