Thinking activity on: The Da Vinci Code

Dan Brown:-

Daniel Gerhard Brown is an American author best known for his thriller novels, including the Robert Langdon novels Angels & Demons, The Da Vinci Code, The Lost Symbol, Inferno and Origin. His novels are treasure hunts that usually take place over a period of 24 hours.

The Da Vinci Code:-

The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery thriller novel by Dan Brown. It is Brown's second novel to include the character Robert Langdon

1. Brown states on his website that his books are not anti-Christian, though he is on a 'constant spiritual journey' himself, and says that his book The Da Vinci Code is simply "an entertaining story that promotes spiritual discussion and debate" and suggests that the book may be used "as a positive catalyst for introspection and exploration of our faith."

According to Dan Brown this novel "The Da Vinci Code" are not anti-christian through , he is on a 'constant spiritual journey himself, and says that his book. The Da vinci code  is simply "an entertaining story that promotes spiritual discussion and debate" and suggests that the book may be used 'as a positive catalyst for introspection and exploration or our faith.In this not brown depicted as the non believer of priory of Sion, including historical thing that is battle between opus dei and priory of Sion over the possibility of Jesus having been married to Mary Magdalene.

2. “Although it is obvious that much of what Brown presented in his novel as absolutely true and accurate is neither of those, some of that material is of course essential to the intrigue, and screenwriter Akiva Goldsman has retained the novel's core, the Grail-related material: the sacred feminine, Mary Magdalene's marriage, the Priory of Sion, certain aspects of Leonardo's art, and so on[1].” How far do you agree with this observation of Norris J. Lacy?

we see that sometime separate family and represent to the pagan religion note in Christianity we find it just because as other religion are also believe in patriarchy and Christianity also believe in patriarchy so there is a doubtful on Shepherd feminine just because sometime we believe that purity come with the man but we forget that woman has home that only has power to give a life in this universe that's why the sacred feminine is more powerful than other.

Priory of Sion:-

Some of the historian and some of the Ancient people tell that Priory of Sion is a secret committee whom save or preserve some of the secret related to Christianity and they are built for preserve Second form related to Jesus Christ after death of Jesus Christ there reserve some of the cigarette which may not remain for the normal human beings.That secret who was the Holy Grail and the Merry McDonald's dead body these two things they are hiding.

3. (If)You have studied ‘Genesis’ (The Bible), ‘The Paradise Lost’ (John Milton) and ‘The Da Vinci Code’ (Dan Brown). Which of the narrative/s seem/s to be truthful? Whose narrative is convincing to the contemporary young mind?

The narrative of the da Vinci code is more convincing because its time to doubt and not believing in what is written and said. Milton's The Paradise Lost is story of god,punishment So it keep people in fear while The Da Vinci code tries to prove Jesus as man in logical way. So Da Vinci code is more convincing in this era.

4. What harm has been done to humanity by the biblical narration or that of Milton’s in The Paradise Lose? What sort of damage does narrative like ‘The Vinci Code’ do to humanity?

Many ways ‘The Da Vinci Code’ breaks human faith with showing history of Christianity. Though it tries to show feminine sacredness somehow it also harms women with objectifying them. Bible bounds religion or people through religion. It also makes man to God. But the most harmful thing is it attacks female as unworthy and reason for downfall of human kind. Paradise Lost tries to show logically with giving Eve some space. But it also decreases women.

5. What difference do you see in the portrayal of 'Ophelia' (Kate Winslet) in Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet, 'Elizabeth' (Helena Bonham Carter) in Kenneth Branagh's Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or 'Hester Prynne' (Demi Moore) in Roland Joffé's The Scarlet Letter' or David Yates's 'Harmione Granger' (Emma Watson) in last four Harry Potter films - and 'Sophie Neuve' (Audrey Tautau) in Ron Howard's The Da Vinci Code? How would justify your answer?

Sophie's character is portrayed more powerful and intelligent and in decent manner than other women characters. Ophelia was powerless who used by his father and Hamlet. Elizabeth in Frankenstein has no power. Monster kills her though he has enmity with Frankenstein. Hester Pryne is powerful character but can't do anything in patriarchal society. Hermione is intelligent but she becomes part of male ego. Sophie is intelligent, not emotional, and she is not got insulted in any way.

6. Do novel / film lead us into critical (deconstructive) thinking about your religion? Can we think of such conspiracy theory about Hindu religious symbols / myths?

 ofcourse after watching of movie we can lead into critical thinking about our religion. As per there are many symbols and myths in our religion. In Hindu religion there is  ઓમ  symbol which is too holy and we know that all myths are not true, even many bad thing which are preseving or keeping by our fake Dharama gurus . As our India is a Country of Dharama / Religion, there are many things or matter which lead us to deconstruct our religion.In movie there is a pentacle symbol, we can't say what it represents?

7. Have you come across any similar book/movie, which tries to deconstruct accepted notions about Hindu religion or culture and by dismantling it, attempts to reconstruct another possible interpretation of truth?

Yes, the movie like, Oh My God or P.K. which tries to question on the religion, It also tries to redefines what is been followed blindly by people. In the movie Oh My God we see that hero of the movie Kanjibhai who do the case against God because his antic shop was destroyed in earthquake. He believes that his shop destroyed because of god. So here we see that he question against God which break the stereo type mindset of the society and question against God also.

8. When we do traditional reading of the novel ‘The Da Vinci Code’, Robert Langdon, Professor of Religious Symbology, Harvard University emerges asprotagonist and Sir Leigh Teabing, a British Historian as antagonist. Who will claim the position of protagonist if we do atheist reading of the novel?

when we do traditional Reading of the novel ' The Da Vinci code' , then as per my understanding I think sir Leigh Teabing should be protagonist, because  he was a British historian. He has history,past , he is well aware about religion and myth, whatever he is doing, he has a motive to cure people, to make people free from religion and it's faith. He is not doing for money or for itself but there was Humanity in center of his work. So, dependent on this perameters there should Sir Leigh Teabing as a protagonist character.

9. Explain Ann Gray’s three propositions on ‘knowability’ with illustrations from the novel ‘The Da Vinci Code’.

1) Identifying what is knowable 

2) identifying and acknowledging the relationship of the knower and the known

3) What is the procedure for ‘knowing’?

In this novel this sentence "I dont know what I dont know" is reflecting here, even character of Sophia her self don't know that she is descendant of Jesus and also Robert langdon quest for knowing is also presented, so idea of 'knowability' is play a vital role in this novel.  And after the known the truth Sophia and Robert langdon are seems to not happy, they dont take much interest to revel the truth to the worlds.

Expert lectures on ELT - Prof. Atanu Bhattacharya

Prof. Atanu Bhattacharya:-

Professor and Dean. Centre for English Studies, School of Language, Literature and Culture Studies. Prof. Atanu Bhattacharya.

* Write summury or key points or highlights of the topocs taught by Prof. Dr. Atanu Bhattacharya. 

Dr. Atanu Bhattacharya taught on ELT and he was focused on some points: IPA (International Phonetics Alphabet).

He said that IPA very early realized spoken English is very important. 

He gives so many examples in his session like:
Ex: ship - sheep

1. ELT - Historical Perspective 

NIRF - (National Institute Ranking Frame) 
He said that some points:-

1. Hesitation 
2. Reflection 
3. Body language. 

A short History of English studies foundation. 
- Shah Alam, mughal Emperor (1759-1806)
- Convening the grant of the Diwani to lord civil. 
- Spiridine Roma, the east offering its Riches to Britannia (1778).

2. Literature for Language Teaching: Poem & Fiction.

LWe are not living in a global village, but in customized villages globally produced and locally disturbanced"

* Linguistic explora. 

- corpus linguistics and the Collins cobuild project. 

* Linguistic Exploitations.
Working towards an integrated multimodel approach 
- Technical orientalism 
- social orientalism 
-socio - historical orientalism 

4. English Studies: Future Prospects & Research Avenues

*Future of English studies 
- Past of English studies 
- what we are
- Future 

It is really amazing experience to given by prof. Atanu Bhattacharya. Sir was very calmly work on in the class. And so much informative knowledge given by him. 

He is so much active and creative. And also give Class work and on the spot creative activities. 

Thinking activity on White Tiger

About Arvind Adiga:-

Aravind Adiga is an Indo-Australian writer and journalist. His debut novel, The White Tiger, won the 2008 Man Booker Prize.

The White Tiger:-

The White Tiger is the debut novel by Indian author Aravind Adiga. It was first published in 2008 and won the 40th Man Booker Prize in the same year.

1. How far do you agree with the India represented in the novel The White Tiger? 

As we know that India is proggresive country. We know that so much dirtiness and believe in religion ans also believe in God. And main point that low education in our India. In this novel Arvind adiga represente real India. One scene in movie when villian are taking main actress from Jamal ,at that time he was helpless, he is not able to do anything. So, in real  it is happening while in movie,it is quite more Masaledar.

2. Do you believe that Balram's story is the archetype of all stories of 'rage to riches'? 

I believe that Balram's story is the archetypal of all stories of 'rags to riches' because Balram is an ordinary and driver. He want to become rich for that he has done alot of work hard. He observed everything and makes plan and then atlast he succeeded. We have numerous examples of big person who have succeed because of their hard work not because of their luck.

3. Write a blog on similarities between The whte Tiger and Slumdog Millionaire. Include following points:

1. Narrative structure - Wanted Poster # KBC show

We can find same Narrative in the novel and the movie . In novel and movie both are using different kind of gymic. As in movie Jamal is describing with #KBC show. In novel Balram is reading poster one by one and he is seeing some wanted pictures as he kills his master. But when we look into the movie,than Jamal is very brilliant, intelligent and fast observer boy. When he is giving answer than it opens some pages of his past, story is folding with some new kind of chapter.Both Narration goes parreral as both are talking about India and it's culture or history. Novel and movie both reaches on their top and trying to showing us best.

2. Indianness

if we talk about how far Indianness is presented or not?Arvind adiga has potrayed the real picture of India with it's dirtiness,local bad language,it's politics, it's lifestyle which we don't like to see . One example of laterin which is a big issue of that time and also repeat in current time also.What is condition of Laterin in our India is directly showing in movie. In movie there was a scene when Jamal is guide the tourist at that time ,her brother and his friends stolen the car and it's thing,there the director has vanished or try to make more beautiful other citizens rather than India. They are not so good or kind by heart as they are described.So, there are some up and down with minor thing.Otherwise India is well presented by it's thought,views, culture and so on.

How Literature Shaped Me?

        "Literature is an image of oneself "

When I'm starting my first-year B.A. That time I have knowledge about literature that was totally zero. Day by day I am learned about literature. I am getting so many things in those years. Literature gives information about the culture.

When I'm in my B.A and now in my M.A , 2 professors gives me a lot of help about literature. First is Laila ma'am and second is Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. They taught very carefully and with seriousness.

When I start my B.A my first lesson was 'what is literature?' and the same as in my PG, first I am writing about 'what is literature?'

Literature gives the development of mind. Why we learn? How we learn? Those types of questions are created automatically in our minds. Because literature helps in creating those types of questions.

During school days I used to read some poetries and some short stories but at that time I thought that literature is only a piece of any story or any poem but when I entered in B.A then I got to know that literature is not only a peace of any story or poem but it is something else, then also I was not aware of the exact meaning of literature.

That time I was aware only about one thing about literature and that is “Literature is a mirror of society”. But now I can say that Literature is not only a mirror image of a society but it is an image of oneself.

Through literature, we can shape our minds and thoughts in that direction in which we want to. But I would like to say that literature helps a lot to widen up our thinking process and through this, you can criticize and question anything.

Throughout these five years, I have studied many texts and after studying each and every text my point of view about life also changed.

Its clear that the accepted definition of literature is constantly changing and developing. Literature represents tradition and culture.

After reading literature for so many years, we cannot clearly define literature as its definition changes with the individual as well as time. In B.A, we were taught that literature is the mirror of society and this definition was accepted by us without questioning anything.

Likewise, sheep never get opinions and take the order and follow. That type we are no questions and no doubts. Just listen to it and do it. But what is right and wrong we never asked anyone. 

When I come to my MA. I learned so many types of literature and try to do something new. Literature shaped our my and creates so many questions in our minds. Literature gives information on past and present timing. How to get a new chance in our life. 

Literature makes us think about ourselves and our so-called society. Literature allowed us to understand language and its beauty. Literature reflects on the human condition. 

Literature is the creation of another world, a world that we can only see through reading literature.

In short, we can say that literature weaves our thoughts. Literature is the comprehensive essence of the intellectual life of a nation. Literature is emphatic as it gives vicarious pleasure. Literature is a work of art that uses creative and imaginative language in order to reflect social realities.

Literature is any artistic way of using language to reflect the daily human experience. literature is a mirror that shows the social, economical, political and religious aspects of the world. Literature is an art and uses language which deviates from normal conversation to create an effect in literary work. Literature can also be called 'many men, many minds.'

I've learned something new in my PG level, suicide is "art"

One more thing is that a beautiful face is not important, talent is more than important beauty and money. 

Metaphor:-

When we draw drawing That time we think deep, drawing Show our mind and ability and what we think also shows, literature is also like drawing because literature is deep and shows our abilities.

Thank you 

Waiting for the barbarians: Prof R. B. Zala

About author:-

John Maxwell Coetzee is a South African-born novelist, essayist, linguist, translator and recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature.

About waiting for barbarians:-

Waiting For The Barbarians, J.M. Coetzee. Waiting for the Barbarians is a novel by the South African-born Nobel laureate J. M. Coetzee. First published in 1980. The story is narrated in the first person by the unnamed magistrate of a small colonial town that exists as the territorial frontier of "the Empire".

Waiting for barbarians Summury:-

The Story is unnamed magistrate. The magistrate's rather peaceful existence comes to an end with the empire's declaration of a state of emergency and the deployment of the third bureau-special forces of the empire-due to rumours that the area's indigenous people, called "Barbarians" by the colonist, might be preparing to attack the town. Colonels Joll has been dispatched to investigate whether Military action is needed. The magistrate begins to question the legitimacy of imperialism and personally nurses a barbarian girl was left crippled and party blinded by the third Bureau's torturers.

The magistrate has an in uncertain relationship with the girl. The third bureau soldiers have reappeared there and now arrest the magistrate for having deserted his post and the enemy. He finally acquires a key that allows him to leave the makeshift jail. Colonel Joll triumphantly returns from the wilderness with barbarian. The
magistrate a group of soldiers hangs him up by his arms, deepening his understanding of imperialistic violence by personal experience of torture. The soldiers begin to flee the town as winter approaches and campaign the barbarians collapses. The magistrate tries to confront joll on his final return from the wild. There is no sign of the barbarians by the time the season's first snow falls on the town.

Character study:-

Mai:-

Mai is the scullery cook with the magistrate starts a sexual relationship, although both parties are ashamed of their arrangement.

Warrant Officer Mandal:-

Warrant Officer Mandel Character Analysis A warrant officer for the Empire, Mandel is sent to replace the magistrate's position after the magistrate has been charged with treason.

Barbarian girl:-


The named girl is one of joll's torture during the campaign against the barbarians. She is silent voice in this novel. She is the symbol of magistrate sympathy. like poor girl. she have not her voice.

The Magistrate:-

A civil servant of the Empire who's looking forward to retiring soon, the magistrate is the narrator and protagonist of Waiting for the Barbarians.

Colonel Joll:-

He was an official in the mysterious third bureau and an arm of the civil guard. He was created to protect the empire, which is threatened by barbarians. Joll's violant method.

Central theme:-

* Truth
* Dominican and Masculinity 
* Colonialism 
* Savagery and Barbariam
* Interrogation 
* Imperialism 
* Male Sexuality 

End of the discussion we think that who is real barbarians???

Types And Causes Of Migration (B.A Text)

Types Of Migration:-

There are many types if migration and many people are not aware of these types. Below we have discussed the most common ones:

1. Internal Migration:- 

it is the type in which you move to a new home within the same state, country or continent. A person move to another administrative territory.

2. External Migration:- 

it is the type in which you move to a new home in a different state, country or continent.

3. Emigration:- 

it is the type in which you leave one country and moves to another one.

4. Immigration:-

 it is the process in which you move to a new country.

5. Population Transfer:-

 It is the type in which the government forces a huge grof people to leave a region on the basis of religion or ethnicity. It is also called the involuntary or the force migration.

6. Impelled/Impossed:-

 It is type of movement in which people are forced to leave a country because of unfavorable situations like religious persecution political unrest or warfare.

7. Step Migration:- 

It involves series of short and less extreme movements from the place of origin to the destination.

8. Return Migration:-

 It is the voluntarily movement of the immigrants to the place of origin.

9. Seasonal Migration:-

 It is the movement for a specific period of time in respo to the climate condition or labor condition.

10. Chain Migration:- 

It is the type of movement which begins from one mem of the family who arranges money for his family members in order to make them move to a new location.

Cuases of Migration:-

There are certain pull factors and push factors that become the cause of movement. Let's explore them.

Pull Factors:- 

many people like to move to countries like Ireland, UK and USA. Most of us know the reason why. These are basically the pull factors. It is because of industrial development, labor that is looking for work, cheap international transport relative to income, easy access of information due to telephone and internet. Other reasons include falling birth rates, rapid economic expani, better job opportunities and more beneficial which and individual contribute for the to migrate looks forward to, to the above countries.

Push factors:-

 these are the negative factors in the home country that compel people to move to another one. Such factors include poverty, high unemployment rate, internal conflicts and wars, natural diseases, low income, lake of career development, famine and climate control.

It can be said that movement occurs the 4 common reason:

1. Economic condition that come in the career pathway of the individual.

2. Social prosperity like looking for better quality of life.

3. Political unrest or war

4. Environmental conditions like floods or natural disasters. 

The Diary of a Young Girl (B.A Text)

Anne Frank :-

Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank was a German-born Dutch-Jewish diarist. One of the most discussed
Jewish victims of the Holocaust, she gained fame posthumously with the publication of The Diary of a Young 

The Diary of a Young Girl:-

The book begins on Anne's thirteenth birthday, june 12, 1942. She receives as a present from her parents a diary, among other presents. She thinks about it several days and decides to write letters as a diary entries, she addresses each letter to Kitty. Kitty is a fabricated friend, someone in which Anne can expose her deepest feelings to. Anne's family has emigrated to Holland from Germany for two reasons, the first Mr. Frank has taken a job there and the second is to move away from the Nazy party. 

The Nazis are making life very restrictive for the Nazi Party still exist in Halland. They all are required to wear a yellow star on their clothing, attend of the restrictions and horrprs of the Nazi Party are felt by the family on the day Anne's sister, Margot, is called up. 

This means that she is to be taken away, in all probability to a concentration camp. The family knew they would one day have to go into hiding and had been making preparations for the move, this just moved up the time table of when they would go. On July 9, 1942 the Frank family moved into the building which housed the business that employed Mr. Frank. The rooms were above the warehouse floor and were referred to by Anne as the "Secret Annex". The family was joined a few days later by the Van Daan family. 

This family cinsisted of Mr. And Mrs. Van Daan and thei son Peter, who was a little older than Anne. These two families try to get along as best they can, of course, not everyone is happy with the situation. 

Realism (B.A Text)

Realism:-

* characters are believable, everyday types

* costumes are authentic

* the realist movement in the theater and subsequent performance style have greatly influenced 20th century theatre and cinema and its effects are still being felt today

* triggered by stanislavski's system of realistic acting at the turn of the 20th cew, America grabbed hold of its iwn brand of this performance style (American realism) and acting (method acting) in the 1930s, 40s and 50s (The Group Theatre, The Actors Studio)

* stage setting and props are often indoors and believable

* the 'box set' is normally used for realistic drama on stage, consisting of three walls and an invisible 'fourth wall' facing the audience

* setting for realistic plays are often bland, dialogue is not heightened for effect, but that of everyday speech

* the drama is typically psychologically driven, where the plot is secondary and primary focus is placed on the interior lives of characters, their motives, the reactions of others etc.

* realistic plays often see the protagonist rise up against the oddto assert him/herself against an injustice of some kind

* realistic dramas quickly gained popularity because the everyday person in the audience could identify with the situations and characters on stage

* Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen is considered the father of modern realism in the theatre. 

Characteristics of Drama (B.A Text)

Characteristic of Drama:-

Drama is a unique literary form because they are designed to be acted out of the a stage before audience. The wird 'drama' brings a story to life before our eyes. Unlike most works of fiction that rely. Heavily on narration, the story of a play or drama is told through dialogue and props. Knowing about these elements can help you appreciate and discuss plays that you see and read.

Elements of Drama:-

The major elements of a drama are as follows :-

1. Characters:-

Characters are the people in the play's plot. Most plays have a round, major characters and flat, minor characters. The main characters are more important to a work and usually have a bigger part to play. Miranda from Shakespeare's Tempest is an example of a main character. We learn much about her characteristic throughout the play, and she plays a big role in the reconciliation of the characters toward the end of the play.

On the other hand, minor characters are less important. An example of a minor character is Marcellus from the play 'Hamlet,' whose role is only to inform about Hamlet's father's thereafter. He just departs in peace.

Let's take a look at the different characters :-

Protagonist :-

The main character, usually the one who sets the action in motion.

Example:- Hamlet is the protagonist in the play 'Hamlet'.

Antagonist:-

The character that stands as rival to the protagonist is called the antagonist. He is the villain.

Example:- Claudius is the major antagonist in the play 'Hamlet' as he contrast sharply with the main character in the play.

Foll:-

A character whose traits with those another character. Writers use foll to emphasize differences between two characters. For example, a handsome but dull character might be a foil for one who is attractive but dynamic. By using foil, authors call attention to the strengths or weaknesses of a main character.

Example:- In Hamlet, the passionate and quick to action Laertes is a foil the reflective Hamlet.

Confident:-

A character that lends an ear gives his input to usually the protagonist is a confidant. This type of character is most commonly a closest friend or trusted servant of the main character, who serves as a device for revealing the mind and intention of the main character. The confidant's inputs are revealed only to audience and not to the other characters in the play.

Example:- in Hamlet, Horatio is the confidant

Harry Potter (Group task)

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows from SejalParmar22


Learning outcome:-

When I'm in my teenage, that time I like the Harry Potter series so much. This is a very enjoyable series. Most I Magic. Everyone likes magic so much.

In this series, Harry Potter teaches us that whenever we go in our life fight and believe in strongness.

It is very important that our inner strength. How to fight and believe in truth every time. Don't support them who are very disturbing people. And always support them who try to do something new and something right.

Believe in that, that is your life and you should fight alone and yourself. We can't wait for 'Godot' because we know that in our real-life no one come for us. Godot is an imaginary world. Vladimir and estragon both are waiting for Godot but Godot never come. In our real-life Godot never come for solving our disturbing life and problems.

Harry Potter is self-learner, he is not dependent for anyone. I learned for him never depends on another person and do something for ourselves.

Interpreter of maladies (BA Text)

Jhumpa Lahiri:-

Jhumpa Lahiri was birn in 1967 in London, England, and raised in Rhode ise. Her father and mother, a librarian and teacher, respectively, had emigrated from Calcutta, Indian, and Lahiri spoke Bengali with them at home.

The Third And Final Continent:-

 In contrast to depictions of resistance to Indian culture found in several of the stories in Lahiri's collection, "The Third And Final Continent " portrays a relatively positive story if the Indian American experience. In this story, the obstacles and hardships that the protagonist must overcome are much more tangible, such as learning to stomach a diet of cornflakes and bananas, or boarding in a cramped YMCA. The protagonists human interactions demonstrate a high degree of tolerance and even acceptance of Indian culture on the part of the American he meets. Mrs. Croft makes a point of communicating on the protagonists sari wrapped wife, calling her "a perfect lady" (195). Crofts daughter Helen also remarks that Cambridge is "a very inspirational city," hinting at the reason why the protagonist is met with a general sense of acceptance. In 1965, president Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and nationality Act of 1965 in to law, abolishing several immigration quotas. This piece of legislation resulted in a massive surge of immigration from Asian countries, including India during the late 1960s and 1970s. In particular, this allowed many Asians to come to the US under the qualification of being a "professional, scientist, or artist of exceptional ability " contributing to the reputation of Asian American as being intelligent, mannered, and a model minority. 

Wide Sargasso Sea (BA Text)

Jean Rhys:-

Jean Rhys was birn in Dominica, one of the Windward islands in the Caribbean, in 1890.The daughter of a Welsh doctor and a white Creole mother, Rhys grew up in the final days of England's colonial heyday, a time that witnessed the warning of an aristocratic and exploitative creole culture. Her parents heritage situated Rhys between two competing ideologies I - one that sought to exoticize Caribbean life and onecthat incorporated the racial pluralism of west Indian values. Rhys was further influenced by the black servants who raised her and introduced her to the language, customs, and religious beliefs of the native Caribbean.

Wide Sargasso Sea:-

While wide Sargasso Seareflacts the distinct sensibilities of a west Indian writer, it also bears the stamp of European modernism. At sixteen, Rhys left her home in Dominica and moved to England, aligning herself more closely with her father's welsh heritage. A feeling of displacement that characterizes both Rhys own life and the lives of her characters left her unable to root herself to her ancestors home. Throughout the 1920s, Rhys traveled in Europe as a bohemian artist, living sporadically in Paris, where she became familiar with the innovative works of modern artists and writers. This period of wandering placed Rhys on the outskirts of conventional society. Thus marginalized, she began to question the codes and traditions of the male - dominated urban environment plagued by property, illness, and alcoholism of the felt firsthand the psychological and physical toll of beina single woman in a patriarchal culture - a theme she explores in much of her writing.

Periods of American literature (BA Text)

Periods of American literature:- 

The division of American literature into convenient historical segments, or "Period's," lacks the degree of consensus among literature scholars that wecfind with reference to English literature; see Period's of English literature. The many syllabi of college surveys reprinted in reconstructing American literature, and the essays in Redefining Americans literature History, ed. A. Lavonne Brown Ruoff and Jerry W. Ward (1990), demonstrate how variable are the temporal divisions and their names, especially since the efforts to do justice to literature written by women and by ethnic minorities. Some recent historians, anthologist and teachers of American literature simply divided their survey into date sections, without affixing period names.

A prominent tendency, however, is to recognize the importance of major wars in marking significant changes in literature. This tendency, as the scholar Cushing strout has remarked, "suggests that there is an order in American politics history more visible and compelling than that indicated by specifically literature or intellectual categories."

The following divisions of American literary history recognize the importance assigned by many literary historians to the revolutionary war (1775-81), the civil war (1861-65), World War I (1914-18), and World War II (1939-45). Under these broad divisions are listed some of the more widely used terms to distinguish periods and subperiods of American literature. These terms, it will be noted, are diverse in kind; they may signify a span of time, or a type of poli organisation, or a prominent intellectual or imaginative mode, or a predominant literary form.